Ch 16

Question 1

innate immunity

Answer 1

defenses against any pathogen
nonspecific
no learning or adaptation

Question 2

adaptive immunity

Answer 2

resistance to a specific pathogen

Question 3

innate immunity first line of defense

Answer 3

skin- protects against all microbes
mucous membranes and their secretions- traps microbes
normal microbiota- creates crowded beach

Question 4

innate immunity second line of defense

Answer 4

phagocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages)
inflammation
fever
antimicrobial substances
complement

Question 5

process of phagocytosis- 7 steps

Answer 5

1. chemotaxis and adherence
2. ingestion
3. formation of phagosome
4. fusion of phagosome and lysosome forms phagolysosome
5. digestion of ingested microbes
6. form residual body w indigestible material
7. discharge of waste materials

Question 6

6 mechanisms of avoiding destruction by phagocytosis

Answer 6

1. inhibit adherence
2. kill phagocytes
3. lyse phagocytes
4. escape phagosome
5. prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion
6. survive in phagolysosome

Question 7

6 stages of inflammation

Answer 7

1. damaged cells release chemicals
2. blood clot forms
3. abscess starts to form
4. marginization- phagocytes stick to endothelium
5. diapedesis- phagcytes squeeze between endothelial cells
6. phagocytosis of invading bacteria occurs

Question 8

cause of fever

Answer 8

gram-negative endotoxins cause phagocytes to release interleukin-1
hypothalamus releases prostoglandins that resets it to a higher temp
body increases rate of metabolism and shivering to raise temp

Question 9

effects of fever

Answer 9

increases transferrins, IL-1 activity, and produces interferon

Question 10

complement- classical pathway

Answer 10

uses antibodies to start

goes from C1-C9

Question 11

complement- alternative pathway

Answer 11

starts at C3

Question 12

complement- lectin pathway

Answer 12

lectin binds to carbohydrates and activates C2 and C4

Question 13

complement effects C3b

Answer 13

activates C5
causes opsonization (marks the pathogens)

Question 14

complement effects C3a and C5a

Answer 14

cause inflammation

Question 15

complement effects C5b + C6+ C7+ C8+ C9

Answer 15

cause cell lysis

Question 16

complemtent activation C1-C3

Answer 16

1. antigen-antibody complex bind and activate C1
2. C1 activates and splits C2 (into C2a and C2b) and C4 (C4a and C4b)
3. C3a and C4b combine and activate and split C3 into C3a and C3b -> initiates cytolysis, opsonization, and inflammation

Question 17

neutrophils

Answer 17

highest concentration of leukocytes
granulocyte
phagocytosis

Question 18

basophils

Answer 18

granulocyte

produces histamine

Question 19

eosinophils

Answer 19

granulocyte
produces toxic proteins against parasites
some phagocytosis

Question 20

monocytes

Answer 20

phagocytosis

matures into macrophages

Question 21

dendritic cells

Answer 21

derived from monocytes
phagocytosis
initiates adaptive immune response

Question 22

lymphocytes

Answer 22

natural killer cells

destroy target cells by cytolysis and apoptosis

Question 23

T cells

Answer 23

cell mediated immunity

Question 24

B cells

Answer 24

produce antibodies

Question 25

cytokines

Answer 25

protein that regulates the immune response and may induce fever, pain, or T cell proliferation

Question 26

perforin

Answer 26

protein that makes a pore in target cell membrane, release by CTLs

Question 27

interferons

Answer 27

groupm of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens