chapter 9

Question 1

biotechnology

Answer 1

the use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product
*food, antibiotic, vitamins, enzymes

Question 2

recombinant DNA technology

Answer 2

insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins

Question 3

vector

Answer 3

self replicating DNA used to carry the desired gene to a new cell, can be plasmids and viruses

Question 4

clone

Answer 4

population of cells arising from 1 cell, each carries the new gene

Question 5

making transgenic organism (rDNA) steps 1-3

Answer 5

1. vector, such as a plasmid, is isolated
2. DNA containing gene of interest from a different species is cleaved by an enzyme into fragments
3. desired gene is selected and inserted into plasmid

Question 6

making transgenic organism (rDNA) steps 4-6a, 6b

Answer 6

4. plasmid is taken up by a cell, such as bacterium
5. cells w gene of interest cloned
   6a. create and harvest copy of gene- pesticides, toxic waste disposal
   6b. create and havest protein products of gene- human growth hormone, textiles

Question 7

explain PCR process

Answer 7

1. denaturization- occurs by heating double strand to make single strands of DNA
2. primer anealing- primer sticks to ends of target strands
3. primer extension- DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to ends of primers to make double helix

Question 8

PCR

Answer 8

makes multiple copies of DNA for cloning, sequencing, detecting pathogens and genetic diseases, happens in a machine

Question 9

restriction enzyme

Answer 9

cut specific sequences of DNA, destroy bacteriophage DNA in bacterial cells, cannot digest (host) DNA w methylated cytosines

Question 10

3 ways foreign DNA can be inserted into a cell

Answer 10

electroporation
transformation
protoplast fusion

Question 11

genomic libraries

Answer 11

pieces of an entire genome stored in plasmids or phages

Question 12

genetic engineering w agrobacterium (6 steps)

Answer 12

1. the plasmid is removed from the bacterium and the tDNA is cut by a restriction enzyme
2. foreign DNA is cut by the same enzyme
3. foreign DNA is inserted into the tDNA of the plasmid
4. the plasmid is reinserted into a bacterium
5. insert tDNA carrying foreign gene
6. plant cells grown in culture w plant generated from cell clone