ch 8 thinking & intelligence

Question 1

what is thinking

Answer 1

mental manipulation of info

Question 2

what is cognitive economy

Answer 2

using mental shortcuts to save effort

Question 3

what are cognitive misers

Answer 3

people prefer minimal cognitive effort

Question 4

what are heuristics

Answer 4

mental shortcuts; simple rules to make quick decisions

Question 5

what are cognitive biases

Answer 5

systematic errors in thinking

Question 6

what is representativeness heuristic

Answer 6

judging probability based on similarity to a particular prototype (oe: wearing glasses = quiet demeanor)

Question 7

what is base rate

Answer 7

actual statistical likelihood of an event

Question 8

what is availability heuristic

Answer 8

estimating likelihood based on memory ease (how easily relevant examples come to mind)

Question 9

what is hindsight bias

Answer 9

seeing past events as predictable (even if they weren’t)

Question 10

what is top-down processing

Answer 10

using prior knowledge to interpret info

Question 11

what is bottom-down processing

Answer 11

building understanding from sensory input

Question 12

what are concepts

Answer 12

mental categories for objects/ideas

Question 13

what is embodiment

Answer 13

cognition influenced by body states

Question 14

what is decision making

Answer 14

choosing between alternatives

Question 15

what is framing

Answer 15

decisions influenced by how options are presented

Question 16

what is problem solving

Answer 16

finding solutions to obstacles

Question 17

what are algorithms

Answer 17

step by step problem-solving procedures

Question 18

what is distributed cognition

Answer 18

sharing thinking across people or tools

Question 19

what is divergent thinking

Answer 19

generating multiple creative solutions

Question 20

what is convergent thinking

Answer 20

narrowing to a single correct solution

Question 21

what is salience of surface similarities

Answer 21

focusing on superficial features in problem solving (ie math problems)

Question 22

what are mental sets

Answer 22

using past strategies that may not fit the current problem

Question 23

functional fixedness

Answer 23

unable to see new uses for familiar objects (ie hammer not just for nails)

Question 24

what is intelligence

Answer 24

ability to learn, reason, and solve problems

Question 25

intelligence as a sensory capacity

Answer 25

early idea linking intelligence to senses (francis galton)

Question 26

what is intelligence as processing speed

Answer 26

faster processing/response linked to higher IQ/intelligence

Question 27

what is working memory

Answer 27

holding & manipulating info in mind

Question 28

what is intelligence as abstract thinking

Answer 28

ability to understand and reason with concepts (Binet & Simon) (kids education tests)

Question 29

what higher mental processes

Answer 29

advanced thinking skills

Question 30

what is abstract thinking

Answer 30

thinking beyond concrete facts

Question 31

g (general intelligence)

Answer 31

overall cognitive ability

Question 32

s (specific abilities)

Answer 32

skills in specific domains

Question 33

what is fluid intelligence

Answer 33

ability to solve new problems

Question 34

what is crystallized intelligence

Answer 34

knowledge from experience

Question 35

what is multiple intelligences

Answer 35

theory of different types of intteligence

Question 36

triarchic model

Answer 36

intelligence divided into analytical, creative, practical

Question 37

what are eugenics

Answer 37

Controversial idea of improving human genetics.

Question 38

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Answer 38

IQ test for adults

Question 39

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

Answer 39

IQ test for children

Question 40

what are culture-fair tests

Answer 40

minimize cultural bias in IQ testing

Question 41

Mental energy

Answer 41

Cognitive resources available for thinking

Question 42

what is the Flynn effect

Answer 42

Rising IQ scores over generations.

Question 43

test bias

Answer 43

when tests favor certain groups

Question 44

family studies

Answer 44

research on heritability using relatives

Question 45

adoption studies

Answer 45

studies of genetics vs environment in IQ

Question 46

heritability of IQ

Answer 46

Proportion of IQ variation due to genetics

Question 47

Experimenter expectancy effect:

Answer 47

researchers expectations influence results

Question 48

within group heritability

Answer 48

genetic influence within a group

Question 49

between group heritability

Answer 49

differences between groups due to genetics

Question 50

what is stereotype threat

Answer 50

Fear of judgement or confirming a negative stereotype, leading to impaired performance/motivation