chapter 6-2

Question 1

what is schedule of reinforcement

Answer 1

time & frequency of reinforcement

Question 2

what is continuous reinforcement?

Answer 2

reinforcement is always given

Question 3

what is partial reinforcement?

Answer 3

reinforcement is not always given.

Question 4

what are the basis of reinforcement

Answer 4

ratio (how many responses until reward) & interval (how many time must pass until reward)

Question 5

what are the consistency reinforcement

Answer 5

fixed

Question 6

what is a fixed ratio

Answer 6

“every # of times”; reward is given after a certain set number of responses

Question 7

what is a variable ratio

Answer 7

“after and unpredictable # of time”; reward is given after a random set number of responses; most resistant to extinction

Question 8

what is a fixed interval

Answer 8

“after a set time”; reward is given after a certain amount of time

Question 9

what is a variable interval

Answer 9

“after unpredictable time”; reward is given after a random amount of time

Question 10

what are primary reinforcers

Answer 10

things that naturally increase the target behavior (ex: food & drink)

Question 11

what are secondary reinforcers

Answer 11

neutral objects that become associated with the primary reinforcers (ex: money)

Question 12

two theories

Answer 12

behaviorist & cognitivist

Question 13

S-R theory

Answer 13

behaviorist; all learning depends on the strength of relationship between stimulus & response

Question 14

S-O-R theory

Answer 14

cognitivist; the link between S-R is not mindless, our interpretation of the stimulus affects the response; individual differences matter

Question 15

what is latent learning

Answer 15

learning that is not directly observable; subconscious retention of info w/o reinforcement or motivation; one changes behavior only when there is sufficient motivation

Question 16

example of latent learning

Answer 16

tolman’s maze study
- groups of rats in a maze: always rewarded, no reward, delayed reward (cognitive map)

Question 17

what is observational learning

Answer 17

learning by watching others; (form of latent learning)

Question 18

example of observational learning

Answer 18

Bandra show
- kids exhibited aggression they saw in video games in their real lives

Question 19

scientific evidence for observational learning

Answer 19

mirror neurons: cells in prefrontal cortex that fire when one performs or observes a behavior; extremely tuned to specific behaviors (you have to think the observed behavior is meaningful)

Question 20

what is insight learning

Answer 20

learning happened after “aha!” moments

Question 21

insight learning example

Answer 21

kohler’s chimpanzees
- consistently solved a puzzle once they figured it out

Question 22

what are learning fads?

Answer 22

trendy but unproven ideas about how people learn

Question 23

examples of learning fads

Answer 23

• sleep-assisted learning: we can learn new info in our sleep by listening to a recording while we sleep
• learning styles: “there are different learning styles that fit to us/based on our preferences” (quality of teaching matters more)