Chapter 1: Statistics and the Scientific Method Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 1: Statistics and the Scientific Method Deck (20)
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0
Q

Tenacity?

A

information accepted as true because its always been believed to be true or repeated often……persistent…very difficult to change!

1
Q

What are the methods of knowing? (6)

A

Tenacity, intuition, authority, rationalism, observation and scientific method.

2
Q

Intuition?

A

Ominous significance of random/chance events
information is accepted based on a gut feeling
cons: biases affect perceptions and can lead to crazy intuitions
unsupported by evidence
no critical eval by others !

3
Q

Authority?

A

acceptance of information from an authority.
cons: authorities can be wrong
expertise generalizes other areas
tend to be accepted without question…

4
Q

Rationalism

A

knowledge gained by applying pure reason and logic!
major + minor premise taken as true = correct conclusion
cons: incorrect premise leads to incorrect conclusion…

5
Q

Observation?Empiricism ?

A

learning through observation and experience..
The doctrine that all knowledge is derived from sense experience…
cons difficult to be objective….senses can be easily tricked..
humans are full of biases…

6
Q

Scientific Method??

A

all ideas are subjected to empirical test
combination of empiricism and rationalism…
objective observations
data based conclusions
tentative conclusions
asks answerable questions….that can be proven valid or wrong…
Observation-theory-prediction-experiment

7
Q

Population?

A

complete set of individuals we are interested in studying….

8
Q

Sample?

A

subset of individuals from the population! we draw conclusions on the population from this….

9
Q

Variables?

A

any characteristic of individuals that can take on different values depending on the situation…

10
Q

Independent Variable?

A

manipulated by researcher

11
Q

Dependent Variable?

A

measured to determine effect of the IV…

12
Q

Statistic

A

calculated on the sample data….

13
Q

Parameter?

A

number calculated on the population data..

14
Q

Observational Studies?3 types

  1. Naturalistic
  2. Parameter Estimation
  3. Correlational Studies
A

no direct exp manipulation of variables by researcher…

  1. just observe in natural environment
  2. interested in a characteristic of the pop
  3. determine if 2 or more variables are related….
15
Q

True experiments?

A

researchers attempt to determine if changes in one variable produce changes in another …actively manipulate variables…

16
Q

Constant?

A

something that is not susceptible to variation or change..

cannot be statistically analyzed …

17
Q

Variable??

A

something susceptible to change or variation
2 or more values…
exp research either IV or DV
correlational research either predictor or criterion..
qualitative or quantitative ..

18
Q

Descriptive Statistics?

A

describes or characterize the data…

averages, percents variability ..

19
Q

Inferential Statistics..

A

use the obtained sample data to infer to populations..

t-test, correlations..regression…