Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Savings-investment spending identity

A

Savings and investment spending are always equal for the economy as a whole

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2
Q

Budget surplus

A

The difference between tax revenue and government spending when tax revenue exceeds government spending

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3
Q

Budget deficit

A

The difference between tax revenue and government spending when government spending exceeds tax revenue

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4
Q

Budget balance

A

The difference between tax revenue and government spending

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5
Q

National savings

A

The sum of private savings and the budget balance, is the total amount of savings generated within the economy

Savings (national) = savings (government) + savings (private)

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6
Q

“investment spending”

A

spendingon new physical capital

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7
Q

“making an investment”

A

The act of purchasing an asset such as a share of stock, a bond, or existing real estate

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8
Q

net capital inflow

A

The total inflow of funds into a country minus the total outflow of funds out of a country

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9
Q

national cost

A

the interest that must eventually be paid to a foreigner

dollar ofinvestment spending financed by a capital inflow > dollar investment spending financed by national savings

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10
Q

Net capital inflow formula

A

Net capital inflow = imports - exports

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11
Q

Investment spending formula (with capital inflow)

A

Investment Spending = National Savings + Net capital inflow

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12
Q

Savings in a closed economy

A

Savings = National savings

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13
Q

Open economy savings

A

Savings = national savings + capital inflow

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14
Q

lonable funds market

A

A hypothetical market that illustrates the market outcome of the demand for funds generated by borrowers and the supply of funds provided by lenders

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15
Q

present value

A

The amount of money needed today in order to receive X at a future date given the interest rate

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16
Q

present value formula

A

X = 1,000 / (1 + r)

1,000 is money you want to have in one year

x = present value of money

r = interest rate

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17
Q

Cause demand curve for lonable funds to shift

A

Changes in perceived business opportunities

Changes in government borrowing

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18
Q

crowding out

A

Occurs when a government budget deficit drives up the interest rate and leads to reduced investment spending

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19
Q

Shifts of the supply of Lonable funds

A

Changes in private savings behavior

Changes in net capital inflows

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20
Q

Real interest rate =

A

Real interest rate = nominal interest rate - inflation rate

21
Q

Fisher effect

A

An increase in expected future inflation drives up the nominal interest rate, leaving the expected real interest rate unchanged

22
Q

wealth

A

the value of its accumulated savings

23
Q

financial asset

A

a paper claim that entitles the buyer to future income from the seller

24
Q

physical asset

A

a tangible object that can be used to generate future income

25
Q

liability

A

a requirement to pay income in the future

26
Q

4 types of financial assets

A

Loans

stocks

bonds

bank deposits

27
Q

3 problems for borrowers and lenders

A

transaction costs

risk

desire for liquidity

28
Q

transaction costs

A

the expenses of negotiating and executing a deal

29
Q

risk-averse

A

a person who is more sensitive to a loss than to a gain of an equal dollar

30
Q

diversification

A

Investing in several different things so that the possible losses are independent events

31
Q

liquid

A

If an asset can be quickly converted into cash with relatively little loss of value

32
Q

illiquid

A

An asset that cannot be quickly converted into cash with relatively little loss of value

33
Q

loan

A

a lending agreement between an individual lender and an individual borrower

34
Q

default

A

Occurs when a borrower fails to make payments as specified by the loan or bond contract

35
Q

securitization

A

process of pooling individual loans and selling shares in that pool

36
Q

loan-backed security

A

An asset created by pooling individual loans and selling shares in that pool

37
Q

Financial intermediary

A

An institution that transforms the funds it gathers from many individuals into financial assets

38
Q

Types of financial intermediaries

A

mutual funds

pension funds

life insurance companies

banks

39
Q

pension fund

A

A type of mutual fund that holds assets in order to provide retirement income to its members

40
Q

Life insurance company

A

Sells policies that guarantee a payment to a policyholder’s beneficiaries when the policyholder dies

41
Q

bank deposit

A

A claim on a bank that obliges the bank to give the depositor his or her cash when demanded

42
Q

Bank

A

a financial intermediary that provides liquid assets in the form of bank deposits to lenders and uses those funds to finance the illiquid investment spending needs of borrowers

43
Q

efficient markets hypothesis

A

Asset prices embody all publicly available information

44
Q

random walk

A

the movement over time of an unpredictable variable

45
Q

behavioral finance

A

The study of how investors in financial markets often make predictably irrational choices

46
Q

loss aversion

A

unwilling to sell an unprofitable asset and accept the loss

47
Q

herd mentality

A

buyinig an asset when its price has already been driven high and selling it when its price has already been driven low

48
Q
A