Chapter 12 Flashcards

Question

immune system

Answer 1

``` Our body’s defense against invading bacteria, viruses, and other illnessproducing organisms • Consists of the skin, phagocytes, lymphocytes (T and B cells), and macrophages • Can be compromised by disorders like AIDS ```

Answer 2

``` Study of the relationship between the immune system and central nervous system • For example: • High levels of stress over the past year make you more susceptible to catching cold virus • Caring for someone with Alzheimer’s is associated with lower ability to heal from injury and decrease blood clotting ```

Answer 3

``` Authentic illnesses that emotions and stress contribute to or maintain are called psychophysiological • Ulcers (caused by bacteria) • Coronary heart disease • AIDS • Biopsychosocial perspective on illness ```

Answer 4

• The complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart • Top cause of death and disability in the US • Associated with number of factors, especially stress ``` Aspects of a Type A personality place one at high risk for CHD, especially anger and hostility • Lower socioeconomic status also places at heightened risk due to lowered ability to cope with stressors ```

Answer 5

``` • Social support encompasses interpersonal relations with people, groups, and the larger community • Higher levels associated with lower mortality rates • Gaining control of situations can also relieve stress ```

Answer 6

``` • Behavioural control – e.g., problemfocused coping • Cognitive control – think differently about negative emotions • Decisional control – choose among different courses of action ``` ``` Informational control and proactive coping • Emotional control is the ability to suppress and express emotions • Catharsis – the disclosing of painful feelings – can be useful, but only if it involves problem solving and efforts to make situations “right” ```

Answer 7

``` • A single session, 3-4 hour conducted soon after a trauma designed to ward off PTSD • Research shows it is not helpful, and may instead increase risk of developing PTSD ```

Answer 8

``` • Ability to adjust coping strategies as the situation demands is critical to contending with many stressful situations • Suppressing and avoiding emotions distracts us from problem solving and may cause emotions to return in greater force ```

Answer 9

``` • Hardiness is a set of attitudes where you: • See change as a challenge instead of a threat • Are committed to their life and work • Believe you can control events • Related to low-levels of anxiety proneness and general tendency to react calmly to stress ```

Answer 10

``` • Optimistic persons are more productive, focused, and handle frustration better • Also show lower levels of mortality and better immune system response • Higher levels of spirituality and religion have many of the same benefits ```

Answer 11

``` • Some ways of reacting to stress are actually counterproductive • Ruminating – focusing on negatives and endlessly analyzing what caused problems • Seen more frequently women, in part due to early socialization ```

Answer 12

``` • Health psychology integrate behavioural sciences with the practice of medicine • Combine educational and psychological interventions to promote and maintain health, and prevent and treat illness ```

Answer 13

1. stop smoking 2. Curb alcohol consmption 3. achieve a healthy weight

Answer 14

``` • Leading cause of preventable death in Canada • Only 5% of smokers who try to quit succeed • 25-35% succeed when using methods developed by health psychologists ```

Answer 15

``` • Heavy episodic drinking (binge drinking) is five or more drinks on one occasion for men, four or more for women • Associated with increases in cancer, liver problems, pregnancy complications, and brain shrinkage ```

Answer 16

``` • Two-thirds of Americans are overweight, with one third of those are obese • Calculated based on body-mass index (BMI) • Exercise is essential to losing weight • Obesity leads to higher risk for heart disease, stroke, arthritis, cancer, and diabetes • As well as emotional and social problems • Teasing, depression, anxiety ```

Answer 17

• Avoid fad and crash diets (yo-yo effect) • Exercise regularly • Monitor total calories and body weight • Eat properly (good fats, low salt, high fibre foods) • Get social support • Control portion size

Answer 18

* Regular aerobic exercise has many benefits * Lower blood pressure and risk for CHD * Improve lung function * Relieve the symptoms of arthritis * Decrease diabetes risk * Cut the risk of breast and colon cancer * 30 minutes several times a week is best

Answer 19

``` Personal inertia Misestimating risk and causes of death Feeling powerless to change Prevention programs attempt to stop unhealthy habits before they develop ```

Answer 20

Alternative medicine is instead of | conventional medicine

Answer 21

``` Complementary medicine is when products and practices are used with conventional medicine • Neither have shown to be safe and effective using scientific standards ```

Answer 22

``` • Most herbal supplements and treatments have not found to be effective • St. John’s Wort, shark cartilage, glucosamine, chondroitin, acai berries, gingko biloba • Vitamins and dietary supplements as well • Calcium, vitamin C • Not regulated by Health Canada ```

Answer 23

``` • Includes chiropractic manipulation, where spine is manipulated to treat pain and illness • No scientific support for subluxation theory • No more effective than safe treatments like exercise, relaxation, and physical therapy ```

Answer 24

``` • Biofeedback is feedback by a device that provides almost an immediate output of a biological function, such as heart rate • Does not seem to yield effects beyond the relaxation associated with sitting quietly ```

Answer 25

``` Meditation refers to a variety of practices that train attention and awareness Associated with a variety of positive effects Heightened creativity, empathy, self-esteem Decreased anxiety and depression Increased blood flow to brain and immune function ```

Answer 26

``` • Based on mapping our energy field and managing disruptions • Acupuncture involves placing needles on body to relieve energy (qi) blockages • No scientific evidence to support such energy or blocks in the body ```

Answer 27

``` • When placed against placebos, CAM does not hold up • Sham acupuncture treatments do as well at treating back pain and migraines • Pain is very highly responsive to placebo treatments, which may help to explain why CAM is so popular ```

Answer 28

``` • Homeopathic medicine - consuming an extremely diluted dose of a substance that produces an illness in a healthy person will alleviate that illness • No evidence that it is effective for any problem ```

Answer 29

1. Produce placebo effects and instill hope 2. People assume natural products improve health because they see no negatives 3. False correlation with symptom relief 4. Attribute success to CAM instead of conventional medicine 5. Misdiagnosis and non-severity of problem

Chapter 12 Flashcards

(53 cards)