Chapter 9 Flashcards

Question

show symbols associated with numbers

Answer 1

Digit symbol Test, tests speed of learning through timed coding tasks in which numbers must be associated with marks of various shapes

Answer 2

IQ's test in the past rely heavily on language knowledge. test takers who are not fluent in the language of the test , may do poorly on IQ test largely because they don't comprehend the test instruction or the questions themselves. Consist of abstract‐ reasoning items that don ’t depend on language ``` example : • Raven’s Progressive Matrices: Which is the final pattern in this series? ( they start off easy then get harder and harder hence progressive) - they must identify the pattern. ```

Answer 3

Designed to test overall competence in a specific domain or predict academic success • SAT scores correlate highly (0.7 to 0.8) with IQ

Answer 4

•In adults, scores tend to be highly stable over long periods of time •Prior to age three, though, IQ tests are very unstable and poor predictors of adult IQ

Answer 5

Moderately successful at predicting grades •But because this correlation is much lower than 1.0 •Success also depends on motivation, intellectual curiosity, effort, and mental energy • Predict performance across wide variety of occupations and associated with health‐related outcomes (health literacy) • Relationships hold up even when social class is accounted for

Answer 6

Intelligence follows a bell curve distribution

Answer 7

•Characterized by childhood onset of low IQ (below about 70) and inability to engage in adequate daily functioning • Around 1% of North American population (mostly males) •Four levels: mild, moderate, severe, profound • The more severe the intellectual disability, the less likely it is to run in families •Over 200 different causes, most common are Fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome •ADA and CHRC acts have greatly impacted lives of those with disabilities

Answer 8

doctors, lawyers, engineers, professors • Terman ’s “Termites” showed that prodigies do not “burn out” or have higher rates of mental illness • Refers to the top 2% of IQ scores • Large portion occupy certain professions:

Answer 9

Genetic factors play a role, but so do practice and dedication • Intellectual brilliance with little effort is very unrealistic

Answer 10

• Family studies confirm that IQ runs in families • Sibling IQs correlate at 0.5, cousins at 0.15 • Twin studies show identical twin correlations of 0.7 to 0.8, fraternal of 0.3 to 0.4 • But high levels of environmental deprivation may swamp out effects of genes

Answer 11

•Twins reared apart are as similar in IQ as twins reared together • Adoption studies point to the influence of environment, but still strongly support important of genetics on IQ

Answer 12

•Those that think IQ is fixed tend to take less academic risks, challenging themselves less • Children from larger families have slightly lower IQs than children from smaller families •Amount of schooling seems to exert a causal influence on IQ • Early intervention programs (Head Start) produce short‐term increases in IQ • Do result in lower rates of high school drop outs and being held back in school • Small impact of expectancy effects by teachers on IQ

Answer 13

• Jensen’s cumulative deficit study • Lack of proper nutrition and exposure to lead may lead to lower IQs • Scientific controversy regarding impact of breastfeeding on IQ

Answer 14

•The average IQ of the population has been rising by about 3 points every 10 years • Most likely the result of environmental changes 1.Increased test sophistication 2.Increased complexity of modern world 3.Better nutrition 4.Changes at home and school

Answer 15

``` • Most research finds few or no average differences between males and females • But, males are more variable in their scores ``` •Research shows consistent differences in terms of specific mental abilities •Females tend to do better on some verbal tasks and recognizing emotions in others • Males tend to do better on spatial ability tests, like mental rotation and geography

Answer 16

``` •Some, like spatial ability, may be biological •Most appear to be due to environmental differences •Infants show few or no differences •Sex differences in problem‐solving strategies ```

Answer 17

• AfricanAmericans and Hispanic Americans score lower than Caucasians on standard IQ tests • Asian‐Americans score higher than Caucasians • Jews score slightly higher than non‐Jews

Answer 18

* may not have access to schooling , or resources for better success * poverty * its not genetics superiority , its due to environmental factor • Racial “superiority” is certainly not the answer ◦ IQ differences appear to be shrinking ◦ Substantial overlap in IQ distribution •Instead, differences appear to be largely or completely environmental in origin

Answer 19

• The differences between groups are due to environment; within groups are due to genetics • Within‐group vs between‐group heritability • Equal environments show equal IQs, no “boost” from Caucasian ancestry Differences, however, do not appear to be due to test bias on intelligence tests • Stereotype threat can be activated in the lab, but may not generalize to the real world •So, broad societal differences are most likely cause of IQ differences, not genetics

Answer 20

•Often measured using tests of divergent thinking, “outside the box” thinking • “Uses of an Object” test •But we also need to be good at convergent thinking, finding the single best answer to a problem

Answer 21

•The ability to understand our own and others’ emotions, then apply that information •Not clear that differs much from personality • Does not predict job performance beyond general IQ

Chapter 9 Flashcards

(45 cards)