Chapter 12 Vocab Unit 5

Question 1

Agriculture

Answer 1

The purposeful cultivation of plants and animals to produce goods for survival

Question 2

Climate Regions

Answer 2

An area that has similar climate patterns generally based on latitude and its location on a coast or continental interior

Question 3

Mediterranean agriculture

Answer 3

An agricultural practice that consists of growing hardy trees + shrubs and raising sheeps + goats

Question 4

Subsistence agriculture

Answer 4

An agriculture practice that provides crops or livestock to feed one’s family and close community using fewer resources and more people to care for the crops and livestock

Question 5

Commercial Agriculture

Answer 5

An agricultural practice that focuses on producing crops and animals for the market for others to purchase

Question 6

Bid-Rent Theory

Answer 6

A theory that describes the relationship between land value, commercial location, and transportation using a bid-rent gradient, or slope; used to describe how land costs are determined

Question 7

Central Business District (CBD)

Answer 7

The central location where the majority of consumer services are located within a city or town because the accessibility of the location attracts them

Question 8

Intensive Agriculture

Answer 8

An agricultural practice where farmers expend great effort to produce as much yield as possible

Question 9

Clustered Settlement

Answer 9

A rural settlement pattern where residents live near each other, with farmland and pasture surrounding the settlement, aka nucleated settlement

Question 10

Dispersed Settlement

Answer 10

A rural settlement pattern where houses and buildings are isolated, and all the homes are distributed over a large area of land

Question 11

Linear Settlement

Answer 11

A rural settlement pattern where houses and buildings form in a long line that usually follows a land feature or aligns with a transportation route

Question 12

Monocropping

Answer 12

The cultivation of one or two crops that are rotated seasonally

Question 13

Monoculture

Answer 13

The agricultural system of planting one crop or raising one type of animal annually

Question 14

Crop Rotation

Answer 14

The varying of crops to allow for the restoration of nutrients and the continuing productivity of the soil

Question 15

Plantation Agriculture

Answer 15

A type of large-scale commercial farming of one particular crop grown for markets often distant from the plantation

Question 16

Market Gardening

Answer 16

A type of farming that produces fruits, vegetables, and flowers and typically serves a specific market or urban area

Question 17

Mixed Crop and Livestock Systems

Answer 17

A type of farming where both crops and livestock are raised for profit

Question 18

Extensive Agriculture

Answer 18

An agricultural practice with few inputs and little investment in labor and capital that results in low outputs

Question 19

Shifting Cultivation

Answer 19

The agricultural practice of growing crops or animals on a piece of land for a year or two and then abandoning it when the nutrients are depleted and moving to a new plot of land where the process repeats

Question 20

Slash and Burn

Answer 20

A method of agriculture where vegetation is cut down and burned before new seeds are sown, used to clear land

Question 21

Nomadic Herding

Answer 21

A type of agriculture based on people moving their animals seasonally or as needed to allow the best grazing

Question 22

Transhumance

Answer 22

The movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer and opposite during the winter

Question 23

Domestication

Answer 23

The deliberate effort to grow plants and animals, making them adapt to human demands and using selective breeding to develop desirable traits

Question 24

Foragers

Answer 24

Small, nomadic groups who had primarily plant based diets and ate small animals or fish for protein

Question 25

Agricultural Hearth

Answer 25

An area where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals

Question 26

Fertile Crescent

Answer 26

A hearth in SW Asia that forms an arc

Question 27

Columbian Exchange

Answer 27

The exchange of goods and ideas between the Americas, Europe, Africa that began after Columbus landed in 1492

Question 28

1st Agricultural Revolution

Answer 28

The shift from foraging to farming 11k years ago, marking the beginning of agriculture

Question 29

2nd Agricultural Revolution

Answer 29

A change in farming practices, marked by new tools and techniques that diffused from Britain and the Low Countries in the 18th century

Question 30

3rd Agricultural Revolution

Answer 30

A shift to further mechanization through the development of new technology that began in the 20th century and continues today

Question 31

Enclosure System

Answer 31

A system where communal lands were replaced by farms and use of land was restricted to the owner or renters

Question 32

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

Answer 32

An organism with specific characteristics obtained through the manipulation of its genes

Question 33

Green Revolution

Answer 33

Movement that began in the 50s and 60s where scientists used knowledge of genetics to develop new high-yield strains of grain crops