Chapter 136 - Minimally invasive procedures

Question 1

What are the indications for a thoracoscopy?

Answer 1

• Exploration (ie. underlying disease for pleural effusion), biopsy
• Foreign body removal
• Pericardial window / subtotal pericardectomy
• Lung lobectomy

Question 2

What are the indications for a laparoscopy?

Answer 2

• Exploration (ie. underlying disease for abdominal effusion), biopsy
• Foreign body removal (mostly in GI)
• Gastropexy
• Pyometra
• Spaying
• Adrenalectomy

Question 3

What are the indications for a tracheoscopy/bronchoscopy?

Answer 3

• Exploration
• Foreign body removal
• BAL
• Tracheal wash
• Tracheal stenting

Question 4

What are the indications for a esophagoscopy/gastroscopy/duodenoscopy?

Answer 4

• Exploration, biopsy
• Foreign body removal
• Percutaneous endoscopic gastrotomy tube placement
• Gastropexy
• ALICAM placement in duodenum

Question 5

What are the indications for a cystourethroscopy?

Answer 5

• Exploration (ie. malignant VS benign urethral obstruction)
• Visualization during laser lithotripsy
• Biospy
• Urethral and vesical FB/calculi
• Ectopic ureter

Question 6

Name some procedures that can be performed under fluoroscopy?

Answer 6

• Urethral catheterization (with a guide wire)
• Urethral stenting
• Percutaneous ureteral stenting
• Subcutaneous ureteral bypass
• Tracheal stenting
• Intravascular foreign body removal
• Cardiac intervention (ie ballooning, PDA)
• Feeding tube placement
• PDA

Question 7

What should be taken into consideration when placing a urethral stent in male cats?

Answer 7

It has to be placed from an anterograde approach due to the small size of the urethral orifice unless a previous peritoneal urethrostomy has been performed

Question 8

What are the complications associated with a ureteral stent?

Answer 8

Injury to the ureter during stent placement, urine leakage, infection, stent migration,
encrustation and reobstruction, hematuria, and stranguria

Question 9

What are the complications associated with a tracheal stent?

Answer 9

Stent fracture, excessive granulation tissue formation, tracheitis, pneumonia, incorrect deployment, persistent cough