Chapter 2

Question 1

Water vapor imagery is derived from

Answer 1

radiation emitted in water vapor (WV) wavelength channels (e.g., 6.2 um, 6.3 um, 6.7 um, 7.3 um)

Question 2

Within the WV channels ………………………………… will be emitted by …………………………. such as ……………………

Answer 2

infrared (thermal) radiation

solid objects

cloud elements, precipitation, and the surface of the Earth

Question 3

Within the WV channels, infrared (thermal) radiation will be emitted by solid objects such as cloud elements, precipitation, and the surface of the Earth.
For that reason,

Answer 3

the channels in the water vapor absorption bands, are sensitive to the profiles of both the temperature and the humidity.

Question 4

From the radiances in different WV channels, the ……………………………….usually are
presented in image format

Answer 4

6.2, 6.3, 6.7 um

Question 5

From the radiances in different WV channels, the 6.2, 6.3 and 6.7ߤ݉usually are
presented in image format, since these wavelengths are

Answer 5

more highly absorbed by water vapor and are more sensitive to variations in humidity than is the 7.3ߤ݉ channel.

Question 6

The common convention is that lighter shades on the WV imagery indicate

Answer 6

colder brightness temperatures or lower energy measurements

Question 7

an area of darker gray shades indicates

Answer 7

radiation arriving from a warmer source.

Question 8

If the temperature decreases monotonically with height

Answer 8

the result of an increase in humidity is a decrease in the measured radiance

Question 9

The basis for synoptic‐scale applications of WV imagery is that

Answer 9

moist (bright) and dry (dark) regions and the boundaries between them often relate to significant upper‐level flow features

Question 10

The basis for synoptic‐scale applications of WV imagery is that moist (bright) and dry (dark) regions and the boundaries between them often relate to significant upper‐level flow features such as

Answer 10

troughs, tropopause dynamic anomalies (e.g., subsidence), and jet streams.

Question 11

define Dark Region

Answer 11

A portion that looks black in the WV imagery is called a dark region

Question 12

what does A indicate

Answer 12

A dark region (A in Figure) indicates an area of high temperature and the dryness of the upper and middle air there.

Question 13

define Bright Region

Answer 13

A portion that looks white or gray is called a bright region

Question 14

what does B indicate

Answer 14

• A bright region (B in Figure) indicates an area of low temperature and shows that the upper and middle air are humid or
• There is a tall cloud area having the cloud tops in the upper or middle level

Question 15

define Boundary

Answer 15

The border between bright and dark regions in the water vapor imagery is simply called a boundary.

Question 16

Boundary‐ The border between bright and dark regions in the water vapor imagery is simply called a boundary.
• A boundary in this sense is

Answer 16

the boundary between air masses having different humidity in the upper and middle level.

Question 17

If the humidity varies noticeably in space, the contrast between bright and dark regions becomes

Answer 17

distinct and a boundary appears clearly

Question 18

If the humidity varies noticeably in space, the contrast between bright and dark regions becomes distinct and a boundary appears clearly.

The boundaries become oriented in

Answer 18

the direction of the upper flow of slow moving weather systems

Question 19

The boundaries become oriented in the direction of the upper flow of slow moving weather systems; usually dark regions on the imagery tend to be associated with

Answer 19

middle‐tropospheric troughs

Question 20

The boundaries become oriented in the direction of the upper flow of slow moving weather systems; usually dark regions on the imagery tend to be associated with middle‐tropospheric troughs and light shades with

Answer 20

thermal ridges

Question 21

Upper level troughs (………..) and ridges (…………………) are associated with

Answer 21

convergence

divergence

sinking and rising motions respectively

Question 22

When air is sinking it is going to

Answer 22

force moisture to stay closer to the surface and not convect or move up into the upper troposphere.

Question 23

When air is sinking it is going to force moisture to stay closer to the surface and not convect or move up into the upper troposphere.
Thus, an upper level trough, which indicates a ………………… appears as …………………… on WV imagery

Answer 23

dry upper troposphere

dark regions

Question 24

Thus, an upper level trough, which indicates a dry upper troposphere appears as adark regionon WV imagery.
Similarly, vertically rising ……………………………………………..

this …………………………. will be ………………….. and appears as ……………………………..

Answer 24

(in upper level divergence areas) advects moisture into the upper troposphere.
This layer of moisture will be cold and appears as a bright regionon WV imagery.

Question 25

A

Answer 25

Dark

Question 26

B

Answer 26

Bright

Question 27

C

Answer 27

go to the bottom flow

Question 28

D

Answer 28

cloud

Question 29

E

Answer 29

Ascending current

Question 30

F

Answer 30

wet air

Question 31

In the water vapor imagery, a trough can be analyzed at

Answer 31

the maximum place of cyclonic curvature of the boundary between bright and dark regions (the dark region being convex on the south)

Question 32

show the region of upper level trough

Answer 32

Question 33

Thus, in the wv imagery, the presence of a trough in the upper and middle level can be recognized from

Answer 33

the shape of the boundary and estimate deepening or flatting of the trough from the degree of darkening

Question 34

Thus, in the wv imagery, the presence of a trough in the upper and middle level can be recognized from the shape of the boundary and estimate deepening or flatting of the trough from the degree of darkening. If the darkness of a dark region increases with time, it is called

Answer 34

darkening.

Question 35

Thus, in the wv imagery, the presence of a trough in the upper and middle level can be recognized from the shape of the boundary and estimate deepening or flatting of the trough from the degree of darkening. If the darkness of a dark region increases with time, it is called darkening. A darkening region corresponds to

Answer 35

an active subsidence field

Question 36

If the darkness of a dark region increases with time, it is called darkening. A darkening region corresponds to an active subsidence field and represents

Answer 36

deepening of a trough or strengthening of a high pressure

Question 37

Upper vortices can also be identified from

Answer 37

the pattern of bright and dark regions wrapped in spiral form or from the rotation of bright and dark regions seen in the animation images.

Question 38

upper vortex

Answer 38

A vortex that can be identified in the water vapor imagery

Question 39

The upper vortex is effective in detecting

Answer 39

a low or trough in the upper and middle level

Question 40

One of the most effective uses of the water vapor imagery is observation of

Answer 40

the behavior of jet streams.

Question 41

One of the most effective uses of the water vapor imagery is observation of the behavior of jet streams. Across a jet stream as a

Answer 41

borderline

Question 42

Across a jet stream as a borderline, the

Answer 42

air masses on the polar side are generally colder and drier than those on the equatorial side.

Question 43

Across a jet stream as a borderline, the air masses on the polar side are generally colder and drier than those on the equatorial side. On the equatorial side, boundaries appear because

Answer 43

the air is warm and moist and bright regions are formed by the presence of cloud areas corresponding to the fronts

Question 44

On the equatorial side, boundaries appear because the air is warm and moist and bright regions are formed by the presence of cloud areas corresponding to the fronts On the polar side above a frontal zone near a jet stream, subsidence

Answer 44

intensifies and the dry region extends downward from the tropopause.

Question 45

On the polar side above a frontal zone near a jet stream, subsidence intensifies and the dry region extends downward from the tropopause. The dark region on the

Answer 45

north of the jet stream corresponds to this dry region and forms a boundary with distinct contrast.

Question 46

In general, subtropical frontal zone are

Answer 46

wide and steep

Question 47

In general, subtropical frontal zone are wide and steep, so they tend to form a

Answer 47

wider and more distinct boundary than polar frontal zone

Question 48

A

Answer 48

satellite

Question 49

B

Answer 49

Subtropical

Question 50

C

Answer 50

polar

Question 51

D - E - F - G - H

Answer 51

200 - 300 - 500 - 700 - 1000

Question 52

Jet streaks and ......................................................... are generally characterized by

Answer 52

areas of strong geopotential gradient of the tropopause heigh strong dark/bright gradients on water vapor imagery, with the dry air (dark area) on the polar side