Chapter 3 - Coaching and Instructing

Question 1

What is an direct approach?

Answer 1

Is when a coach gives explicit instructions about skill execution and tactical awareness in order to improve performance
- Allows participants to understand the basics of the skill they wish to perform

Question 2

Advantages of a direct approach

Answer 2

• The instructor-centred approach keeps the learners ‘on task’
• It provides a predictable/closed environment to assist the beginner skill learner
• It facilitates early-stage skill learning
• Improvements in practice performance are rapid compared with indirect
  instruction
• There is an emphasis on mastering technique
• The learner is provided with a set of rules to guide decision making

Question 3

What is constraint based approach?

Answer 3

Is an approach to instruction encourages the learner to discover effective skill technique and develop tactical awareness through participation in short-sided modified games

Question 4

Constraints based approach to instruction

Answer 4

• Early exposure to game situations - decision making
• Develop effective movement skills in a game context
• Low player number and modified games

Question 5

Implicit learning

Answer 5

Is the learning of skills and information in an incidental manner, without awareness of what has been learned

Question 6

What are the 3 constraints-based learning?

Answer 6

• Task
• Individual
• Environment

Question 7

Task

Answer 7

• Rules of the sport, equipment, facilities. They also include the purpose or goal of the activity.
• This is the most versatile constraint to manipulate
• Task constraints explain the goal of the sport
  Ex. Playing defence in basketball without your hands.

Question 8

Individual

Answer 8

• Physical, psychological, and behavioural characteristics of the individual or performer.
  Ex. Things such as height, skill, level, age, fitness, confidence

Question 9

Environmental

Answer 9

• Physical climate in which the sport is played including temperature, surface
• Also includes cultural influences
• Ex. Cricket in India leads to early exposure and subsequent motor skill development in throwing and hitting, as cricket is insanely popular in India.
  Ex. Growing up in surfers paradise, chances are you’re going to have exposure to surfing due to the access ability to the beach

Question 10

Advantages of the constraints-based approach to instruction

Answer 10

• Practice closely replicates the game environment, facilitating the development of more applicable skills.
• Practice is more varied, ensuring the development of versatile skills and providing the learner with a more exciting and engaging learning environment.
• The learning is implicit.
• Implicit learners make better problem solvers and are less likely to choke at times
  of stress.
• It develops both technical and tactical awareness.
• It engenders independent/autonomous learning.

Question 11

Game sense approach

Answer 11

Is a method of teaching tactical awareness and effective skill performance through game constraints modification and the use of guiding open-ended questions

Question 12

What are the 3 stages of learning?

Answer 12

• Cognitive
• Associative
• Autonomous

Question 13

Cognitive stage

Answer 13

• Is the first stage in which the participant is still learning about the skill
• This requires high levels of coachability in order to promote positive habits used in that sport
• The participant is a beginner
• Ex. Taylah kicking the footy

Question 14

Coaching the cognitive stage

Answer 14

• Careful not to overload with information
• Feedback should be simple, no more than 2 points at a time
• Benefit from effective demonstration

Question 15

Associative stage

Answer 15

• Is the second phase, in which participants are starting to get the hang of their sport
• This requires less coaching as the athlete has an intermediate understanding but still has a lot to improve
• Ex. My golf swing

Question 16

Coaching associative stage

Answer 16

• Coaches should provide lots of practice opportunities
• Move into a more open skills environment
• Start to focus on decision making
• Assist learners to identify errors and help them develop self-correction capabilities

Question 17

Autonomous stage

Answer 17

• This is the final stage, in which an athlete has complete control of their sporting moments
• A coach is only required when changing little aspects of their game
• Performance of a skill automatically occurs
• Skills are second nature to the performer
• Performers can multi-task
• Performers can focus on the playing environment and strategic awareness

Question 18

Coaching the autonomous stage

Answer 18

• Precise feedback for skill perfection
• Emphasis on maintaining motivation
• Focus on match simulation for decision-making and tactical awareness

Question 19

Sociocultural influences

Answer 19

combination of social and cultural factors that impact an individual’s opportunities to participate in particular sports or recreational activities and, in turn, develop the relevant movement skills

Question 20

These include:

Answer 20

• Family
• Peers
• Gender
• Culture
• Community
• Socioeconomic status

Question 21

Family

Answer 21

• Meet the costs and logistics of playing sport
• Encourage the child to get involved in a sport
• Impact on a child’s values and attitudes toward sport
• The family environment allows for deliberate play

Question 22

Peers

Answer 22

• Motivation to play with friends
• Deliberate play helps faster participation and skill developments
• Peers can also provide barriers

Question 23

Gender

Answer 23

• Stereotypes can influence what females and males play
• Traditional sports tend to favour specific genders
• Depending on a persons gender will tend to influence the type of skills and fitness that develops

Question 24

Culture

Answer 24

• Culture and religious beliefs can provide barriers
• Some religions are apposed to women particularly
• Reduced opportunities due to danger

Question 25

Socioeconomic status

Answer 25

- Family based incomes, occupation and education - Low socioeconomic backgrounds reduces sport participation - Barriers: cost and social isolation

Question 26

Local community

Answer 26

- Facilities, climate, natural resources - Access to facilities - Opportunity to high level coaching