A&P 1 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

-Covers and lines surfaces

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2
Q

Epithelial Tissue Characteristics

A

-Highly cellular
-Polar
Has an apical and basal surface
-Basement membrane
-Avascular
No blood vessels
-Regenerative
-Specialized contacts

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3
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A
  • Single layer of flat cells

- Areas of high filtration and diffusion

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4
Q

Simple Squamous location

A
  • Alveolar air sacs of lungs

- Kidney Glomerulus

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5
Q

Special types of simple squamous epithelial

A
  • Endothelium

- Mesothelium

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6
Q

Endothelium

A
  • Lines entire circulatory system (blood vessels and heart)

- Lymphatic vessels

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7
Q

Mesothelium

A

-Lines serous membranes

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8
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

-Secretion and absorption

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9
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium location

A
  • Kidney tubules

- Glands

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10
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

-Secretion and absorption

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11
Q

Simple columnar epithelium location

A
  • Digestive tract
  • Stomach
  • Intestines
  • Glands
  • Uterine tubes
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12
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A
  • Single layer of cells, nuclei at various heights

- Secretion

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13
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium location

A
  • Trachea
  • Glands
  • Sperm carrying ducts
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14
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • Protection
  • Found in areas exposed to a lot of friction
  • Upper layer replaced by rapidly dividing cells in basal layer
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15
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium locations

A
  • Skin
  • Mouth
  • Esophagus
  • Vagina
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16
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A
  • Rare
  • Found in some sweat and mammary glands
  • Typically two cell layers thick
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17
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A
  • Rare
  • Some parts of Pharynx
  • Male urethra
  • Lining some glandular ducts
  • Only apical layer columnar
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18
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A
  • Bladder
  • Ureters
  • Urethra
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19
Q

Glandular epithelia

A
  • Glands
  • Secretions
  • Endocrine/Exocrine
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20
Q

Glands

A

-One or more cells that secrete a product

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21
Q

Secretions

A

-Water based fluids containing proteins (hormones) and lipids (steroids)

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22
Q

Endocrine glands

A

-Ductless
-Secrete products into extracellular space by exocytosis
Examples:
-Pituitary Gland
-Thyroid Gland
-Adrenal Gland

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23
Q

Exocrine glands

A
  • Have ducts
  • Secrete products onto body surfaces or into body cavities
  • Mucus, sweat, oil, saliva, bile (liver), digestive enzymes (pancreas)
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24
Q

Unicellular Exocrine glands

A

-Single cell
-Ductless
Found in:
-Intestines
-Trachea

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25
Secretion methods
- Merocrine glands | - Holocrine glands
26
Merocrine glands
-Most common form of secretion -Cells release contents by exocytosis Ex: -Sweat glands -Goblet cells
27
Holocrine glands
-Cells release secretions by rupturing -Cells are killed during secretion process Ex: -Sebacious (oil) gland
28
Connective Tissue Functions
- Connects tissues - Supports other tissues - Energy storage - Transport
29
Connective tissue characteristics
- Degrees of vascularity | - Lots of extracellular matrix
30
Connective tissues vascularity
- Cartilage: Avascular | - Adipose: Highly vascular
31
Connective tissue extracellular matrix
- A lot of extracellular matrix is true for cartilage, bone, tendons, ligaments, areolar tissue, blood, reticular - Exception: Adipose tissue, not much EM
32
Extracellular Matrix
- Collagen - Elastin - Reticular Fibers - Ground substance
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Collagen
- Tough thick fibers | - Can withstand tension
34
Elastin
- Thin fibers | - Stretch and recoil
35
Reticular Fibers
- Very fine collagen fibers | - Form a branched network to support tissue
36
Ground Substance
- Interstitial fluid - Proteoglycans - Proteins - Polysaccharides
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Proteoglycan
``` -Very negatively charged Attracts water and ions into extracellular space -Keeps tissues hydrated -Helps lubricate fibers -Helps withstand compression ```
38
Connective tissue cell types
- "-blast" cells make ECM and ground substance - Fibroblast - Chondroblast - Osteoblast - Hemotopoetic stem cell (hematocytoblast
39
Fibroblast
-Makes collagen fibers
40
Chondroblast
-Makes cartilage
41
Osteoblast
-Makes bone
42
Hematopoetic stem cell (hematocytoblast)
-Makes blood cells, not ECM
43
Blood Borne Cells
- White blood cells - Macrophages - Mast cells - Histamine
44
White Blood Cells
-Help with tissue response to injury or infection
45
Macrophages
-"Eat" foreign particles (bacteria, tissue debris) by phagocytosis
46
Mast Cells
-Release substances from granules
47
Histamine
-Makes capillaries leaky
48
Areolar Connective Tissue
- Loose connective - Loosely packed ECM fibers (all kinds) - Lots of ground substance - Blood borne cells
49
Areolar Connective Tissue Location and Function
- Found under layers of epithelium - Wraps and cushions tissues - Vascular - Defense against infection
50
Adipose Connective Tissue
- Loose connective - Highly cellular - Sparse ECM - Highly vascular
51
Adipose Connective Tissue Location
- Subcutaneous - Around organs - Behind eyeballs - Breast - Abdomen
52
Adipose Connective Tissue Function
- Shock absorber - Insulator - Energy storage
53
Reticular Connective Tissue
- Loose connective tissue - Only reticular ECM fibers - Many white blood cells
54
Reticular Connective Tissue Locations
- Spleen - Lymph nodes - Bone marrow
55
Reticular Connective Tissue Functions
-Provides a supportive framework for blood cells
56
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
-Dense connective tissue -Mostly parallel collagen fiber bundles Resists tension (pulling) -Fibroblasts -Avascular
57
Dense Regular Connective Tissue Locations
``` -Tendons Muscle to bone -Ligaments Bone to bone -Aponeuroses Muscle to muscle ```
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue Functions
- Connects bones and muscles | - Resists tension (stretching)
59
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
- Dense connective tissue - Irregularly arranged collagen fiber bundles - Can withstand tension in multiple directions - Fibroblasts
60
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue Location
-Dermis of skin -Periosteum Fibrous coverings of bones
61
Elastic Connective Tissue
-Many elastic fibers | Allows tissue to recoil after stretching
62
Elastic Connective Tissue Location
- Artery Walls | - Vocal Cords
63
Cartilage
- Flexible yet tough - Must withstand tension and compression - Avascular - No nervous system innervation
64
Hyaline Cartilage Locations
- Most abundant type of cartilage - Embryonic skeleton - Articular cartilage (ends of bones) - Costal cartilage - Nose - Trachea and Brachial tubes
65
Hyaline Cartilage
-Dense collagen extracellular matrix -Chondrocytes Make matrix
66
Elastic Cartilage
-ECM contains more elastic fibers -Chondrocytes Make matrix
67
Elastice Cartilage Locations
- More flexible than hyaline - Ear - Epiglottis
68
Fibrocartilage
- Fibrous collagen ECM - Chondrocytes - Able to withstand heavy pressure
69
Fibrocartilage Locations
- Intervertebral discs - Meniscus (Knee) - Pubic symphysis
70
Osseous Tissue
- Hard ECM made of collagen and calcium salts - Osteoblasts make matrix - Vascular and nervous innervation
71
Blood
``` -Most fluid ECM Plasma Proteins -Red blood cells -White blood cells ```
72
Blood function
-Transport
73
Epithelial Membranes
-Epithelium bound to connective tissue
74
Cutaneous Membrane
- Dry membranes exposed to air | - Stratified squamous+dense irregular
75
Mucus Membranes
- Line cavities open to the exterior environment - Moist - Respiratory system, GI tract, Urinary system, eyes
76
Serous Membranes
- Line cavities closed to the exterior environment - Ventral body cavity - Dorsal body cavity - Mesothelium + Areolar tissue
77
Mesothelium
- A special simple squamous epithelium | - Secretes serous fluid
78
What are the Serous Membranes?
- Parietal Membrane | - Visceral Membrane
79
Parietal Membrane
- Lines the entire cavity | - Secrete fluid
80
Visceral Membrane
- Inner membrane | - Wraps around organ
81
Special Serous Membranes
- Pleural Membrane - Pericardium - Peritoneal Membrane
82
Pleural Membrane
-Lines the pleural cavity (encasing lungs)
83
Pericardium
-Lines the pericardial cavity (encasing the heart)
84
Peritoneal Membrane
-Encases the abdominal cavity
85
Characteristics of Muscles
- Highly cellular - Vascular - Elongated cells (fibers) - Contracts
86
Skeletal Muscle
-Attached to bones -Pull on bones to cause body movements -Voluntary Except diaphragm
87
Skeletal Muscle cells
- Long cylindrical cells - Multinucleated - Striated (striped) appearance
88
Cardiac Muscle
- Heart muscle - Propels blood through blood vessels to provide oxygen and nutrients to organs - Involuntary
89
Cardiac muscle cell
- Striations - Branched arrangement of myocytes - Uninuclate - Intercalated discs
90
Intercalated discs
-Special junctions between cardiac myocytes that contain gap junctions
91
Smooth muscle
-Found in hollow organs GI tract, blood vessels, uterus -Propels substances through by contracting -Involuntary
92
Smooth muscle cells
- No striations | - Cigar shaped myocytes
93
Nervous Tissue
- Main component of brain, spinal cord, and nerves | - Transmit electrical impulses
94
Nervous Tissue Cells
- Neurons | - Neuroglia
95
Neurons
- Generate and conduct nerve impulses | - No mitosis
96
Neuroglia
- Supporting cells insulate and protect neurons | - Mitosis
97
How do tissues repair themselves?
- Regeneration | - Fibrosis
98
Regeneration
- Destroyed tissue is replaced by the same kind of tissue | - Occurs in epidermis
99
Fibrosis
- Destroyed tissue is replaced by fibrous connective tissue - Scars - Occurs in dermis
100
Step 2 of tissue repair
-Clot is replaced by granulation tissues which contains Capillaries Macrophages Fibroblasts
101
Step 1 of tissue repair
-Blood vessels are injured -Local blood vessels become leaky Allow WBC and clotting proteins to enter site of injury -A clot is formed
102
Highly Regenerative Tissues
- Epithelial tissue | - Bone
103
Poorly Regenerative Tissues
-Skeletal muscle fibroblasts create scar tissue satellite cells give rise to new muscle -Cartilage
104
No Regenerative Capacity Tissues
- Cardiac Muscle | - Nervous System
105
What are adhesions?
- Bands of scar tissue that form between organs causing them to stick together - Usually occur following abdominal surgery
A&P 1
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