1
Q
What are tissues?
A
-A group of cells working together
2
Q
What are the 4 types of tissues?
A
- Epithelial tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
- Cardiac tissue
3
Q
Epithelial tissue
A
-Covers and lines surfaces
4
Q
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
A
- Highly cellular
- Polar (apical/basal surface)
- Basement membrane
- Avascular
- Regenerative
- Specialized contacts
5
Q
What is simple squamous epithelium?
A
- a single layer of flat cells
- Filtration and diffusion
6
Q
Where is simple squamous epithelium located?
A
- Alveolar air sacs of lungs
- Kidney glomerulus
7
Q
Two special types of simple squamous epithelium
A
- Endothelium
- Mesothelium
8
Q
Endothelium
A
-Lines circulatory system (blood vessels and heart) and lymphatic vessels
9
Q
Mesothelium
A
-Lines serous membranes
10
Q
Simple cuboidal epithelium
A
-Secretion and absorption
11
Q
Simple cuboidal epithelium locations
A
- Kidney tubules
- Glands
12
Q
Simple columnar epithelium
A
-Secretion and absorption
13
Q
Location of simple columnar epithelium
A
- Digestive tract (stomach, intestines)
- Glands
- Uterine tubes
14
Q
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
A
- Single layer of cells, nuclei at various heights
- Secretion
15
Q
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium location
A
- Trachea
- Glands
- Sperm carrying ducts
16
Q
Stratified squamous epithelium
A
- Protection
- Found in areas exposed to a lot of friction
- Upper layer replaced by rapidly dividing cells in basal layer
17
Q
Stratified squamous epithelium location
A
- Skin
- Mouth
- Esophagus
- Vagina
18
Q
Stratified Cuboidal epithelium
A
- Rare
- Found in some sweat and mammary glands
- Typically two cell layers thick
19
Q
Stratified columnar epithelium
A
- Rare
- Some parts of pharynx, male urethra and lining some glandular ducts
- Only apical layer columnar
20
Q
Transitional epithelium location
A
- Bladder
- Ureters
- Urethra
21
Q
Glands
A
-One or more cells that secrete a product (proteins, hormones, steroids)
22
Q
Endocrine glands
A
- Ductless
- Secrete products into extracellular space by exocytosis
- Products are hormones
23
Q
Examples of endocrine glands
A
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- Adrenal gland
24
Q
Exocrine glands
A
- Have ducts
- Secrete products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
25
Examples of exocrine secretions
-Mucus, sweat, oil, saliva, bile, digestive enzymes (pancreas)
26
Unicellular exocrine glands
- Single cell
- Ductless
- Ex: goblet cell
27
Where are unicellular exocrine glands found
- Intestines
| - Trachea
28
Merocrine glands
- Most common
| - Contents released by exocytosis
29
Examples of merocrine glands
- Sweat glands
| - Goblet cells
30
Holocrine glands
- Contents released by rupturing
| - Cells are killed in the secretion process
31
Examples of holocrine glands
-Oil gland
32
Functions of connective cells
- Connects tissues
- Supports other tissues
- Energy storage
- Transport
33
Characteristics of Connective Tissue
-Degrees of vascularity
| Lots of extracellular matrix
34
Degrees of vascularity
- Avascular- Cartilage
| - Highly vascular-adipose
35
Lots of extracellular matrix
- True for cartilage, bone, tendons, ligaments, areolar tissue, blood, reticular
- Not true for adipose tissue
36
Extracellular matrix
- Collagen
- Elastin
- Reticular fibers
- Ground substance
37
Collagen
- Tough thick fibers
| - Able to withstand tension
38
Elastin
-Thin fibers, stretch and recoil
39
Reticular fibers
- Very fine collagen fibers
| - Form a branched network to support tissue
40
Ground substance
-Interstitial fluid, proteoglycans, proteins and polysaccharides
41
Proteoglycans
- Giant protein/carbohydrate complexes
| - Very negatively charged-attracts water and ions into extracellular space
42
Functions of proteoglycans
- Keep tissues hydrated
- Help lubricate fibers
- Helps withstand compression
43
Cell types
- Fibroblast
- Chondroblast
- Osteoblast
- Hematopoetic stem cell (hematocytoblast)
44
Fibroblast
-Makes collagen fibers
45
Chondroblast
-Makes cartilage
46
Osteoblast
-Makes bone
47
Hematopoetic stem cell
-Makes blood cells, not ECM
48
Blood borne cells
- White blood cells
- Macrophages
- Mast cells
49
White blood cells
-Help with tissue response to injury or infection
50
Macrophages
-Eat foreign particles by phagocytosis
51
Mast cells
-Release substances (histamine) from granules
52
Histamine
-Makes capillaries leaky
53
Areolar connective tissue components
```
ECM
-Loosely packed fibers (all kinds)
-Lots of ground substance
Cells
-Fibroblasts
-Blood borne cells
```
54
Areolar connective tissue characteristics
- Vascular
| - Found under layers of epithelium
55
Areolar connective tissue functions
- Wraps and cushions tissues
| - Defense against infection
56
Adipose connective tissue characteristics
- Sparse ECM
- Highly cellular
- Highly vascular
57
Adipose connective tissue locations
- Subcutaneous
- Around organs
- Behind eyeballs
- Breast
- Abdomen
58
Adipose connective tissue functions
- Shock absorber
- Insulator
- Energy storage
59
Reticular connective tissue components
- Only reticular ECM fibers
| - Many white blood cells
60
Reticular connective tissue location
- Spleen
- Lymph nodes
- Bone marrow
61
Reticular connective tissue function
-Provides a supportive framework for blood cells
62
Dense regular connective tissue characteristics
- Mostly parallel collagen fiber bundles (resists tension)
- Fibroblasts
- Avascular
63
Dense regular connective tissue locations
- Tendons
- Ligaments
- Aponeuroses
64
Tendons
-muscle to bone
65
Ligaments
-bone to bone
66
Aponeuroses
-muscle to muscle
67
Function of dense regular connective tissue
- connects bones and muscles
| - resists tension
68
Dense irregular connective tissue components
- Irregularly arranged collagen fiber bundles (can withstand tension)
- Fibroblasts
A&P 1
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