Chapter 49: Nervous Systems

Question 1

Frontal Lobe

Answer 1

Involved with executive functions

Question 2

Temporal Lobe

Answer 2

Language/verbal/sound related functions

Question 3

Parietal Lobe

Answer 3

Sensations of the environment

Question 4

Occipital Lobe

Answer 4

Functions with eyesight/seeing

Question 5

Thalamus

Answer 5

Main input center for sensory information going to the cerebrum

Question 6

Hypothalamus

Answer 6

Functions in temperature regulation, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic functions

Question 7

Brain Stem

Answer 7

• Midbrain, pons, and the medulla oblongata
• Deals with receiving sensory information and delivering it to the brain
• Involuntary homeostatic functions (i.e. breathing, swallowing, and vomitting)

Question 8

Nerves

Answer 8

Clusters of the axons of neurons

Question 9

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 9

Made up of animal neurons that carry out integration

Question 10

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 10

Made up of neurons that carry information into and out of the central nervous system

Question 11

Ganglia

Answer 11

Segmentally arranged clusters of neurons

Question 12

Glia/Glial Cells

Answer 12

• Ependymal cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, & Schwann cells
• Plays an essential role in development

Question 13

Astrocytes

Answer 13

Participate in the formation of blood brain barrier

Question 14

Central Canal

Answer 14

• Narrow
• In the spinal cord
• Cavity of nerve cord gives rise this and the ventricles of the brain

Question 15

Gray Matter

Answer 15

Primarily made up of neuron cell bodies

Question 16

White Matter

Answer 16

• Consists mainly of bundled axons
• Makes up the outer layer of the spinal cord and the interior of the brain
• Functions in learning, emotions, processing sensory information, and generating commands

Question 17

Reflexes

Answer 17

The body’s automatic responses to certain stimuli

Question 18

Motor System

Answer 18

Consists of neurons that carry signals to skeletal muscles

Question 19

Automatic System

Answer 19

• Involuntary control of smooth and cardiac muscles
• 3 divisions:
  - Sympathetic
  - Parasympathetic
  - Enteric

Question 20

Enteric Division

Answer 20

Neurons active in the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder

Question 21

Sympathetic Division

Answer 21

Corresponds to arousal and energy generation

Question 22

Parasympathetic Division

Answer 22

• Promotes calming and return to self maintenance functions (“rest and digest”)
• Works with sympathetic division in reproductive activity

Question 23

Forebrain

Answer 23

• Contains olfactory bulb and cerebrum
• Processes olfactory input (smells)
• Regulates sleep, learning and complex processing

Question 24

Midbrain

Answer 24

• Located centrally in the brain

- Coordinates routing of sensory input

Question 25

Hindbrain

Answer 25

- Part forms the cerebellum - Controls involuntary activities (i.e. blood circulation) - Coordinates motor activities (i.e. locomotion)

Question 26

Brainstem

Answer 26

Stalk that joins with the spinal cord at the base of the brain

Question 27

Cerebellum

Answer 27

- Lies behind the cerebrum | - Coordinates and balances actions of the muscles

Question 28

Cerebrum

Answer 28

- Includes cerebral cortex and basal nuclei - Center for learning, emotion, memory, and perception - Functions in voluntary/conscious actions

Question 29

Cerebral Hemispheres

Answer 29

- A left and a right | - 2 different parts of the cerebrum

Question 30

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 30

- Outer layer of the cerebrum | - Important for perception, voluntary movement, and learning

Question 31

Corpus Callosum

Answer 31

-Enables the cerebral cortices to communicate

Question 32

Thalamus

Answer 32

- Main input center for sensory information going to the cerebrum - Formed by two masses

Question 33

Hypothalamus

Answer 33

- Constitutes a control center that includes the body's thermostat and central biological clock - Roles in hunger, thirst, sexual and mating behavior, and the fight/flight response

Question 34

Pons

Answer 34

- Portion of the brain | - Participates in certain automatic, homeostatic functions (i.e. regulating the breathing centers in the medulla)

Question 35

Medulla Oblongata

Answer 35

- Lowest part of the vertebrate brain - Commonly called the medulla - Swelling of the hindbrain interior - Controls automatic, homeostatic functions (i.e. breathing, heart rate, blood vessel activity, swallowing, digesting, and vomitting)

Question 36

Biological Clock

Answer 36

Molecular mechanism that directs periodic gene expression and cellular activity

Question 37

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Answer 37

- Group of neurons in the hypothalamus | - Acts as a pacemaker, synchronizing biological clocks in cells throughout throughout the body to cycles of day length

Question 38

Amygdala

Answer 38

- Most important structure for emotional memory | - Almond-shaped mass of nuclei near base of cerebrum; causes autonomic arousal

Question 39

Neuroplasticity

Answer 39

- Capacity for the nervous system to be remodeled | - Most remodeling occurs at synapses

Question 40

Short-Term Memory

Answer 40

Where information is held for a short period of time and then released

Question 41

Long-Term Memory

Answer 41

Where information we want to retain is held

Question 42

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

Answer 42

Lasting increase in the strength of synaptic transmission