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Flashcards in Chapter 9 Deck (29)
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1
Q

Which of the following terms suggests the idea that psychological factors affect physical functioning?

a. psychobiological
b. somatoform
c. psychosomatic
d. psychosocial

A

psychosomatic

2
Q

Using the word “psychosomatic” to describe a disorder that has an obvious physical component is considered misleading. Why is this so?

a. It gives the impression that biological disorders are not influenced by psychological factors.
b. It emphasizes the physical symptoms of a disorder instead of the psychological symptoms.
c. It gives the impression that psychological disorders like anxiety or depression do not have a biological component.
d. It emphasizes the psychological symptoms of a disorder instead of the physical symptoms.

A

It gives the impression that psychological disorders like anxiety or depression do not have a biological component.

3
Q

What change in public health led to the shift being referred to as the second revolution?

a. the focus from infectious disease shifted to life-threatening illnesses such as cancer
b. the focus from infectious disease shifted to sexually transmitted infections
c. the focus from infectious disease shifted to psychological and behavioural factors affecting health
d. the focus from infectious disease shifted to the cultural and political context of health issues

A

the focus from infectious disease shifted to psychological and behavioural factors affecting health

4
Q

What new field of study reflects the shift in focus from infectious disease to psychological/behavioural factors as causes of illness and death?

a. behavioural medicine
b. medical psychology
c. epidemiology
d. community psychology

A

behavioural medicine

5
Q

According to the principles of health psychology, what is the best protection against acquiring AIDS?

a. choosing sexual abstinence even after years of being sexually active
b. being treated for HIV before it develops into AIDS
c. changing risky behaviours that can lead to disease acquisition
d. getting an injection of the AIDS vaccine

A

changing risky behaviours that can lead to disease acquisition

6
Q

If you were to look at the deaths of 100 people who died the same day, how many of those peoples’ deaths would be associated with lifestyle factors?

a. 10
b. 35
c. 50
d. 80

A

50

7
Q

. In 1936, Canadian researcher Hans Selye discovered that giving injections to laboratory rats caused them to develop ulcers. His finding led to a new area of study. What is it called?

a. psychosomatic pathology
b. stress physiology
c. animal psychology
d. stress psychology

A

stress physiology

8
Q

Hans Selye described the sequence of stages the body goes through in response to sustained stress. What is this sequence called?

a. the fight-or-flight syndrome
b. the general adaptation syndrome
c. the feedback loop syndrome
d. the mobilized coping syndrome

A

the general adaptation syndrome

9
Q

What do we call the physiological response of an individual to a stressor?

a. stress
b. fight-or-flight reaction
c. resistance
d. adaptation

A

stress

10
Q

Eric has a very stressful job. What part of his body may be damaged by increased cortisol released because of the stress?

a. his lungs
b. his stomach
c. his brain
d. his intestines

A

his brain

11
Q

What happens when the HPA axis is activated?

a. The adrenal glands secrete the stress hormone cortisol.
b. The hippocampus secretes corticotropin releasing factor (CRF).
c. The pituitary gland (via the parasympathetic nervous system) activates the adrenal glands.
d. CRF stimulates the thyroid gland.

A

The adrenal glands secrete the stress hormone cortisol

12
Q

Which of the following may occur as a result of increased cortisol levels in response to chronic stress?

a. liver damage
b. decreased susceptibility to infectious disease
c. compromised hippocampal activity
d. a rise in humoral levels

A

compromised hippocampal activity

13
Q

Tara’s HPA axis was activated. Which chemical level just increased in her body?

a. corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
b. high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
c. adrenal cortisol hormone (ACH)
d. cortisol

A

corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)

14
Q

What is the final process in the activation of the HPA axis?

a. stimulation of the pituitary gland by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
b. secretion of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) by the hypothalamus
c. secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland
d. activation of the adrenal gland by the pituitary gland

A

secretion of cortisol by the adrenal gland

15
Q

What does research suggest is a common characteristic of both mental disorders and physical disorders?

a. Both types of disorders are primarily biological in nature.
b. Most mental and physical disorders involve the perception of pain.
c. Psychological, biological, and social factors all are implicated in the cause and maintenance of each type of disorder.
d. Both types of disorders are best treated with biological interventions.

A

Psychological, biological, and social factors all are implicated in the cause and maintenance of each type of disorder.

16
Q

Every year during the finals week in December, Judy would come down with a severe cold. It was the only cold she would get each year. What is the most likely explanation for this pattern of colds?

a. Cold viruses are most prevalent in December.
b. The stress of final exams left Judy more susceptible to colds.
c. Judy’s roommate caught a cold every December and gave it to Judy.
d. It is just a random pattern of colds.

A

The stress of final exams left Judy more susceptible to colds.

17
Q

Justin has been under a lot of stress. His body is beginning to shows signs of having too much cortisol. Which symptoms might Justin be showing?

a. impaired immune system functioning
b. muscle tension
c. damage to the amygdala
d. low blood pressure in the cardiovascular system

A

impaired immune system functioning

18
Q

Dr. Thick is observing a troop of baboons and taking regular blood samples from them. The dominant male baboon Dr. Thick calls “Rafiki” has just shown a much greater increase in cortisol than any of the other males in the troop. Dr. Thick is not surprised because of something that happened about half an hour earlier. What might Dr. Thick have seen?

a. Rafiki was challenged.
b. The troop was given less food at their regular feeding that usual.
c. Lightening struck a tree in the habitat and one baboon was injured.
d. Rafiki was bullied by a group of subordinate males.

A

Lightening struck a tree in the habitat and one baboon was injured.

19
Q

Researchers studying baboons found that subordinate animals, unlike dominant animals, continually secrete cortisol, probably because their lives are so stressful. What did the researchers discover about the subordinate males’ HPA axis?

a. It is less sensitive to the effects of cortisol and therefore less efficient in turning off the stress response.
b. It is more sensitive to the effects of cortisol and therefore less efficient in turning off the stress response.
c. It is associated with an increased sensitivity of the pituitary gland.
d. It is associated with a decreased sensitivity of the pituitary gland.

A

It is less sensitive to the effects of cortisol and therefore less efficient in turning off the stress response.

20
Q

According to your textbook, stressful events can make us feel irritable, excited, anxious, or depressed. Why are so many different reactions possible?

a. Responses to cortisol varies from person to person.
b. They are associated with distinct physiological characteristics.
c. They share a similar underlying physiology.
d. The response to stress depends on the emotional state before the stressful event.

A

They share a similar underlying physiology.

21
Q

Which of the following students is most likely to have a suppressed immune system?

a. Beth, who has many friends and is returning from a relaxing vacation
b. Karen, who has few friends and is returning from a relaxing vacation
c. Alison, who has few friends and is finishing final exams
d. Wendy, who has many friends and is finishing final exams

A

Alison, who has few friends and is finishing final exams

22
Q

What type of stress may be more problematic for the immune system than acute stress, because the effects are longer lasting?

a. chronic stress
b. work-related stress
c. psychological stress
d. relationship stress

A

chronic stress

23
Q

Which of the following is a known connection between emotion and health?

a. People who are depressed have increased immune system functioning.
b. The evidence suggests that depression lowers immune system functioning.
c. People who are anxious have reduced immune system function.
d. Anger is associated with reduced immune system function.

A

The evidence suggests that depression lowers immune system functioning

24
Q

One of the ways in which the immune system is weakened in AIDS patients is that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) directly attacks certain lymphocytes. Which lymphocytes are these?

a. T4 (helper cells)
b. killer T cells
c. suppressor T cells
d. B cells

A

killer T cells

25
Q

Dr. Frode is studying how nerve endings may be involved in the immune system. What type of tissue could Dr. Frode be studying?

a. blood vessels
b. mucous membranes
c. hair follicles
d. bone marrow

A

bone marrow

26
Q

Which of the following relationships is NOT reflected in the new medical specialty called “psychoneuroimmunology”?

a. the cardiovascular system
b. the nervous system
c. psychological factors including stress
d. the immune system

A

the cardiovascular system

27
Q

What is the focus of psychoneuroimmunology?

a. the study of methods in which damaged or severed neurons can be stimulated to regrow
b. the study of the relationships among stressors, the endocrine system, the nervous system, and the immune system
c. the study of various biochemical approaches to protecting the central nervous system from the ravages of deterioration disorders
d. the study of the psychological side effects of physical illnesses

A

the study of the relationships among stressors, the endocrine system, the nervous system, and the immune system

28
Q

When is a person infected with HIV most likely to receive an AIDS diagnosis?

a. after the infection is discovered
b. upon the development of AIDS-related complex
c. only after the development of one of several serious diseases (e.g., wasting syndrome)
d. when the physician decides that they are psychologically prepared for the diagnosis

A

only after the development of one of several serious diseases (e.g., wasting syndrome)

29
Q

What is the closest estimate of the total number of people worldwide afflicted with HIV in 2011?

a. more than 14 million
b. more than 24 million
c. more than 34 million
d. more than 44 million

A

more than 34 million