Chapter2

Question 1

anything that has mass and occupies space

Answer 1

matter

states include:

1. solid
2. liquid
3. gas

Question 2

capacity to do work or put matter into motion

Answer 2

energy

types : kinetic and potential

Question 3

forms of energy

Answer 3

• chemical energy-stored in bonds of chemical substances
• electrical energy-results from movement of charged particles
• mechanical energy- directly involved in moving matter
• electromagnetic energy- exhibits wavelike properties

Question 4

elements about 96% of body mass

Answer 4

oxygen. carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

Question 5

about 3.9% of body mass

Answer 5

Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl. Mg, I, Fe

Question 6

trace elements of teh human body

Answer 6

part of enzymes, Cr, Mn, Zn

Question 7

current model used by chemists that depicts regions of greatest electron density and predicts chemical behavior of atoms

Answer 7

orbital model

Question 8

structural variations of elements that differ in the number of neutrons they contain

Answer 8

isotopes

Question 9

average mass numbers of all isotopes

Answer 9

atomic weight

Question 10

Except for the first shell which is full with two electrons, atoms interact in a manner to have eight electrons in their outermost__ energy level (_valence_ shell)

Answer 10

octet rule

Question 11

type of elements that are Stable and _unreactive__
Outermost energy level fully _occupied__ or contains eight electrons

Answer 11

chemicaly inert

Question 12

• complete transfer of electrons
• seperate ions (charged particles) form

Answer 12

ionic bond

Question 13

• unequal sharing of electrons
• slight negative charge at one end of molecule, slight positive charge at other end

Answer 13

polar covalent

Question 14

• equal sharing of electrons
• charge balanced among atoms

Answer 14

nonpolar covalent bond

Question 15

• attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule 7 an electronegative atom of another molecule
• common btwn dipoles like water
• also act as intramolecular bonds, holding a large molecule in a 3 dimenstional shape

Answer 15

hydrogen bonds

Question 16

• synthesis reactions A+B –> AB
• endergoinc reactions -products contain more potential energy than did reactants

Answer 16

anabolic

Question 17

• decompostition reaction AB–> A+B
• exergonic reactions- release energy

Answer 17

catabolic reactions

Question 18

_____ are biological catalysts (-ase)

Answer 18

enzymes

Question 19

• Small, molecules____
• Water, _salts_ , and many acids (HCl) and _bases_ (NaOH)
• Do not contain carbon with some exceptions: CO, _contains carbon but is classified as inorganic

Answer 19

inorganic compounds

Question 20

• _carbs__, lipids, _proteins___ , and nucleic acids
• Contain _carbon_ , usually large, and are _covalently_ bonded

Answer 20

organic compounds

Question 21

properties of water

Answer 21

• high heat capacity
• high heat of vaporization
• polar solvent properties
• reactivity/cushioning

Question 22

• ionic compounds that dissociate in water, and are electrolytes
• Contain _cations_ other than H+ and anions other than OH–

Answer 22

salts

Question 23

• Both are electrolytes
• _acids_ are proton (hydrogen ion) donors (_acidity_ H+ in solution) HCl  H+ + Cl–
• _bases_ are proton acceptors (take up H+ from solution)
  NaOH  Na+ + OH–
  OH– accepts an available proton (H+)
  OH– + H+  H2O

Answer 23

acids and bases

[bicarbonate and ammonia are important bases in body]

Question 24

• Acid solutions contain [H+]
  
  • As [H+] _increases_ , acidity increases
• Alkaline solutions contain bases (e.g., OH–)
  
  • As [H+] decreases_ (or as [OH–] increases), alkalinity increases

Answer 24

acid base concentration

Question 25

increase [H+], decrease pH Acidic pH: 0–6.99 pH scale is logarithmic: a pH 5 solution has 10 times more H+ than a pH 6 solution

Answer 25

acidic solutions

Question 26

decrease [H+], increase pH Alkaline (basic) pH: 7.01–14

Answer 26

basic solutions

Question 27

an anabolic process by which two molecules are chemically bonded through the use of enzymes and a loss of water. * glucose + glucose + enzyme = maltose + water + enzyme. * The acid group of one amino acid is bonded to the amine group of the next, with loss of a water molecule.

Answer 27

dehydration synthesis

Question 28

* a catabolic process by which the bond between monomers are broken by the enzyme and the addition of water. * Peptide bonds linking amino acids together are broken when water is added to the bond.

Answer 28

hydrolysis

Question 29

* Sugars and starches * Contain C, H, and O [(CH20)n] * Three classes * \_monosaccharides\_\_ * Disaccharides * \_polysaccharides\_

Answer 29

carbohydrates * functions: major source of cellular fuel

Question 30

simple sugars containing 3 to 7 C atoms ex. hexose and pentose sugars

Answer 30

monosaccharides glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, ribose

Question 31

double sugars, too large to pass trhough cell membranes

Answer 31

disaccharides consists of 2 linked monosaccarides like sucrose, maltose, lactose

Question 32

polymers of simple sugars, like starch& glycogen/not very soluble

Answer 32

polysaccharides long branching polymers of linked monosaccharides like glycogen

Question 33

* Contain C, H, O (less than in \_carbohydrates\_\_), and sometimes P * \_insoluble\_\_ in water Main types: * Neutral fats or \_triglycerides\_ * \_phospholipids\_\_ * Steroids * Eicosanoids

Answer 33

Lipids

Question 34

* neutral fats * composed of 3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule

Answer 34

triglycerides main functions:energy storage, insulation, protection

Question 35

DNA's 4 bases

Answer 35

* A, G, C, T * double stranged helical molecule in the cell nucleus * provides instructions for protein synthesis * replicated before cell division, ensuring genetic continuity

Question 36

RNA's 4 bases:

Answer 36

A, G, C, U * single stranded molecule mostly active outside nuclus * 3 varieties of rna carry out the dna orders for proteins synthesis * messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA

Question 37

* Phosphorylation: * \_terminal\_ phosphates are enzymatically transferred to and energize other molecules * Such“primed” \_molecules\_ perform cellular\_\_ work (life processes) using the phosphate\_\_ bond energy

Answer 37

function of ATP