1
Q
- synathroses_ —immovable
- amphiarthroses —slightly movable
- diarthroses —freely movable
A
functional classification of joints
2
Q
- fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- synovial
A
strutural classifications of joints
3
Q
- Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
- No joint cavity
- Most are synathrotic (immovable)
Three types:
- Sutures
- syndesmoses_
- gomphoses
A
fibrous joints
4
Q
- Rigid, interlocking joints containing short connective_ tissue fibers
- Allow for growth during youth
- In middle age, sutures ossify and are called synostoses
A
fibrous joints :sutures
5
Q
- Bones connected by ligaments (bands of fibrous tissue)
- movement varies from immovable to slightly movable
Examples:
- synarthrotic distal tibiofibular joint
- diarthrotic interosseous connection between radius and ulna
A
Fibrous Joints: Syndesmoses
6
Q
- Peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets
- Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament
A
Fibrous Joints: Gomphoses
7
Q
- Bones united by cartilage
- No joint_ cavity
Two types:
- Synchondroses
- Symphyses
A
Cartilaginous Joints
8
Q
A bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
All are synarthrotic
[ex. joint btw first rib and sternum]
A
Cartilaginous Joints: Synchondroses
9
Q
- hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
- strong, flexible amphiarthroses
[Ex.pubic symphysis]
A
Cartilaginous Joints: Symphyses
10
Q
- All are diarthrotic
- Include all limb joints; most joints of the body
Features:
- articular cartilage:hyaline cartilage
- joint(synovial)cavity: small potential space
- articular(joint) capsule:
- outer fibrous capsule of dense irregular connective tissue
- inner synovial membrane of loose connective tissue
A
synovial joints
11
Q
- capsular(intrinsic)—part of the fibrous capsule
- Extracapsular—outside the capsule
- Intracapsular—deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane
A
in Synovial Joints the Three possible types of reinforcing ligaments:
12
Q
components of synovial joint
A
- ligament
- joint cavity containing synovial fluid
- articular capsul with fibrous layer and synovial membrane
- periosteum
13
Q
- flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes
- Contain synovial fluid
- Commonly act as “ball bearings” where ligaments , muscles, skin, tendons , or bones rub together
A
bursae
14
Q
Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon
A
tendon sheath (friction reducing structure of synovial joint)
15
Q
- Shapes of articular surfaces (minor role)
- Ligament number and location (limited role)
- Muscle tone , which keeps tendons that cross the joint taut_
- Extremely important in reinforcing shoulder and knee joints and arches of the foot
A
Stabilizing Factors at Synovial Joints
16
Q
- Muscle attachments across a joint:
- origin_—attachment to the immovable bone
- insertion_—attachment to the movable bone
- Muscle contraction causes the insertion to move toward the origin
- movements occur along transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes
A
synovial joints: Movement
17
Q
- nonaxial_—slipping movements only (tarsals)
- Uniaxial —movement in one plane
- biaxial—movement in two planes
- Multiaxial —movement in or around all three planes
A
Synovial Joints: Range of Motion
18
Q
occurs when one flat, orn early flat, bone surface slips over another (back and forth and side to side without rotation)
Ex. intercarpal joints, btw articular processes of vertebrae
A
gliding
19
Q
increase or decrease the angle btw 2 bones
A
angular movements
- flexion-decrease angle
- extension- increase angle
- hyperextension
- abduction- moving toward body midline
- adduction- moving away from body
- circumduction- moving a limb describing cone in space
20
Q
- turning of a bone around its own long axis
- only movement allowed btw first 2 cervical vertebraeand common at hip and shoulder joints
A
rotation
21
Q
- supination, pronation
- Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion of the foot
- inversion, eversion
- Protraction, retraction_
- elevation, depression
- opposition
A
special movments
22
Q
turing backward/ turning forward
[ex. rotating forearm laterally so palm face anteriorly]
A
supination/pronation
23
Q
lifting and pointing movements of the foot at the ankle
A
dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
24
Q
special movements of the foot where sole of the foot turns medially or laterally
A
inversion/ eversion
25
lifting a body part superiorly or moving the elevated part inferiorly
elevation/ depression
ex. during chewing the mandible
26
* nonaxial
* Hinge
* pivot
* Condyloid
* saddle
* Ball and socket
6 types of synovial joints, based on articular surfaces
27
* nonaxial joints
* Flat articular surfaces
* Short gliding movements
ex. intercarpal joint (nonaxial movement)
plane joints
28
* uniaxial joints
* Motion along a single plane
* flexion and extension only
ex. elbow joint
hinge joints
29
* rounded end of one bone conforms to a “sleeve,” or ring of another bone
* uniaxial movement only
pivot joints
30
* biaxial joints
* Both articular surfaces are oval
* Permit all angular movements
ex. metacarpophalangeal joint, wrist joints
condyloid joints
31
* biaxial
* Allow greater freedom of movement than condyloid joints
* Each articular surface has both concave and convex areas
ex. carpometacarpal joint of thumb
saddle joint
32
* multiaxial joints
* The most freely moving synovial joints
ex.shoulder joint
ball and socket joint
33
* Largest, most complex joint of body
* Three joints surrounded by a single joint cavity:
* Femoropatellar joint:
* plane joint
* Allows gliding motion during knee flexion
* Lateral and medial tibiofemoral joints between the femoral condyles and the C-shaped lateral and medial menisci (semilunar cartilages) of the tibia
* Allow flexion , extension , and some rotation when knee is partly flexed
knee joint
34
tight fit; better flow of fluid around articular surfaces
Purpose of menisci
35
* At least 12 associated bursae
* capsule is reinforced by muscle tendons:
* E.g., quadriceps and muscle\_ tendons
* Joint capsule is thin and absent anteriorly
* Anteriorly, the quadriceps tendon gives rise to:
* Lateral and medial patellar retinacula
* Patellar ligament
* Capsular and extracapsular ligaments
* Help prevent hyperextension
* Intracapsular ligaments:
* Anterior and posterior \_cruciate ligaments
* Prevent anterior-posterior displacement
knee joint
36
* fibular/tibial collateral ligaments prevent lateral/medial rotation when knee extenses
* anterior/posterior cruicial ligament prevents forward sliding of the tibia and femur and checks hyperextenstion/backward displacement of the knee
* menisci prevents side to side rocking of the femur on the tibia and asorb shock transmitted to the knee
Extracapsular ligaments of knee
37
* Ball-and-socket joint
* Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum
* Good range of motion , but limited by the deep socket
* acetebelar labrum—enhances depth of socket
hip(coxal) joint
38
* illiofemoral ligament-strong v shaped ligament anteriorly
* Pubofemoral ligament- trangular thickening of teh inferior part of the capsule
* ischiofemoral ligament-spiraling posterior ligament and "screw: into acetabulum when stood straight
* ligamentum teres-flate intracapsular band that runs from femur head to lower lip of the acetabulum containing artery helping supply head of femur
reinforcing ligaments of hip joint
39
* The ligaments are stretched or torn
* partial\_ tears slowly repair themselves
* Complete ruptures require prompt surgical\_ repair
sprains
40
* Due to compression and shear stress
* fragments may cause joint to lock or bind
* Cartilage rarely repairs itself
* Repaired with \_arthroscopic\_ surgery
cartilage tears
41
* Dislocations (\_luxations )
* Occur when bones are forced out of alignment
* Accompanied by sprains , inflammation, and joint immobililization
* Caused by serious falls or playing sports
* Subluxation—partial dislocation of a joint
common joint injuries
42
* An inflammation of a bursa , usually caused by a blow or friction
* Treated with rest and ice and, if severe, antinflammatory drugs
bursitis
43
* inflmammation of \_tendons\_ sheaths typically caused by overuse
* symptions and treatment similar to bursitis
tendonitis
44
Anatomy & Physiology
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