1
Q
how many hemispheres does the brain have
A
2
2
Q
how are the hemispheres connected
A
corpus collosum
3
Q
lateralization
A
localization of funtion in a hameisphere
4
Q
true or false: people are either right or left sided in their brains
A
false
5
Q
neuron
A
nervous system cell
6
Q
how many neurons are there
A
86 billion
7
Q
neurotransmitters
A
chemicals transmitting nerve impulses
8
Q
synapse
A
connection between neurons
9
Q
synaptogenesis
A
development of new synapses
10
Q
pruning
A
disappearance of unused synapses
11
Q
plasticity
A
brains ability to change
12
Q
senses
A
smell, touch, taste, hearing, vision, motor development
13
Q
sense of smell
A
newborns good smellers, similar preferences to adults
14
Q
sense of taste
A
strong preferences and aversions; preferences determined by genes and exposure
15
Q
sense of touch
A
tactile stimulation, temperature change, pain
16
Q
sense of hearing
A
localization, dscrimination, prefer higher pitches
17
Q
when do babys have localization
A
3 days
18
Q
when do babys start discriminating
A
around 3 days (own cry)
19
Q
when do babys hearing become similar to adults
A
around 6 months
20
Q
sense of vision
A
preferential looking: complexity, novelyt, contrast, motion
21
Q
what develops in babys vision
A
eye optics, visual acuity, color vision, depth perception, face perception
22
Q
when do babys color vision approximate adults
A
around 4 months
23
Q
sense of motor development
A
reflexes such as sucking, stepping, crawling, moro, babinki, tonic neck, rooting, palmer
24
Q
why do we have reflexes
A
nutrition, protection, movement foundations, attachment
25
gross motor skills =
large muscle groups
26
when do babys walk alone
12 months
27
when do babys say their first words
12 months
28
why tummy time
to strengthen arms and to keep head shape normal
29
true or false: using a baby walker will help a toddler walk sooner
false
30
true or false: babys walked slower if they used a walker
true
31
fine motor skills =
small movements
32
who urges parents to not use baby walkers
american academy of pediatrics
33
when do babys start reaching and grasping
4 months
34
advantages of breast feeding
less SIDS, less illness, less obesity, less $$, ease transition to solids
35
breast feeding challenges
vitamin D, working moms, difficult or painful, moms medication, hard to monitor volume
36
how long is recommened to breastfeed
atleast 12 months
37
what is SIDS
sudden infant death syndrome; unexplained, major cause of infant death, suffocation and secondhand smoke
38
how to refuce the risk of sids
sleep on back, firm mattress, no fuffy stuff in crib, keep face uncovered, dont overdress, no smoking or alcohol
39
what campaign was to reduce SIDS
"back to sleep" in 1992
40
additions to reduce risk of sids:
2005 academy of pediatrics; breastfeeding, room sharing for 1st 6 months, avoid commercial devices, dry pacifer after 1st month
41
cognitive development theory
influenecd by piaget
42
what were piaget influence on this theory
biology and evolution, research snails/mulusks, psychoanalysis trainging, IQ testing
43
how did piaget use psychoanalysis trainging
clinically interviewd children
44
piaget called children...
active scientists
45
themes of piaget were...
"active scientists"; stages, scheme changes
46
example of sheme c
pets
47
sensorimotor
0-2 years old, "think with senses and motor skills, progress from reflexes to symbolic thought
48
sensorimotor substages
exercise reflexes, learn to adapt, make interesting events, use means to achieve ends, experiemtn, use symbols
49
first substage of sensorimotor
exercise reflexes: automatic reflexes; 1st month
50
2nd substage of sensorimotor
learn to adapt; primary circular reactions; 4th month
51
3rd substage of sensorimotor
make interesting events; secondary circular reactions; 8th month
52
4th substage of sensorimotor
use means to achieve end; goal directed behavior; 12th month
53
5th substage of sensorimotor
experiment; tertiary circular reaction; 18th month
54
6th substage of sensorimotor
use symbols; language; 24th month
55
weaknesses in Piaget's theory
underestimated baby abilities; limits to stages; undervalues social influences
56
cognitive processes
attention, memory, executive function, social cognition
57
attention cognitive process
automatic orienting response to stimuli (first moths), selective attention (suppress stimuli later in first year), sustained attention (end of first year)
58
habituation
reduction in the repsponse to a stimuli
59
dishabituation
increase in responsiveness after stimulus change
60
memory cognitive process
repeat actions from memory, infantile amnesia
61
memory length of new borns
1 - 0 weeks
3 - 1 weeks
12 - 8 weeks
62
how long until childhood memeories will last a lifetime
around 3 years old
63
executive function cognitive process
brains ability to coordinate cognitive processes
64
inhibitory control
stop a response
65
working memory
held info in mind
66
cognitive flexibility
change approach to problem
67
social cognition cognitive process
useing cognitive processes in the social world; perspective taking
68
when will a child look for an object hidden by an adult
12 months
69
speech perception
discriminate all speech sounds by 6 months
70
sound production in babies
crying, cooing and laughing, consonants, reduplicated babbling, varigated babbling (intonation), holophrases (single words), two-word phrases
71
what happens by the babies first birthday
say first word (understand 40), gestures
72
what happens by 18 months
naming explosion (vocab spurt, ~9/10 words a day), many new words a day
73
what happens by the 2nd birthday
say 300 words (understand more)
74
when will a child wave goobye
12 months
75
when will a child say mama, dada, or any special name
12 months
76
imitation in behaviorist answer
children sound like parents
77
operant conditioning
eat is reinforced, incorrect grammar is punishes
78
language =
function of brain development
79
cognitive answers
thoughts lead to language vs language leads to thoughts
80
social interaction answers
infant-directed speech, turn-taking, reading
81
promoting communication from birth - 2 years
respond, play, narrate, count, gesture, expand, read
82
when will the baby appear to understand teh word no
12 months
83
when will the baby follow siimple direction without needing a gesture
18 months
84
what emotions do newborns have
joy, anger, sadness, fear
85
when does social smile emerge
2 months
86
when does laugh to stimulation emerge
4 months
87
whe does laught to novelty emerge
1 year
88
when does inducing laugh occur
2-3 years
89
when does anger emerge
4-6 months
90
when does sadness emerge
2-3 months
91
when does stranger and seperation anxiety begin
mid 1 st year to end of 1 st year
92
when will an infant match the emotions of a parent
6 months
93
when will a baby have immediate social referencing
12 months
94
when does delayed social referencing start
14 months
95
what is temperant
bio-based behavioral styles
96
inhibitied toddlers=
introverted adults
97
when does self-recognition emerge
18-24 month
98
how do we measure self recognition
mirror, pronoun, visual perception, possessiveness, pictures, name
99
what is attachment
emotional bond to a particular person
100
bowlby stages
pre-attachment, attachment in the making, clear cut attachment, goal corrected attachment
101
pre-attachment stage
birth to 6 weeks
act in ways that attract caring from adults
102
what ways do babys attract caring from adults
orienting toward stimuli, crying, calming in response to touch
103
attachment in the making
6 weeks to 6-8 months
104
clear-cut attachment
6-8 months to 18-24 months
clearly discriminate parent and sranger, seek parent when distressed, seperation anxiety, parent is secure base for exploring
105
goal corrected attachment
18 months +
sense of self, recogize parent often has different goals and motives, must work together, interactions with parent sets up expectations for new relationships
106
types of attachment
secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized
107
factors of secure attachment
predictibility and responsiveness
108
sleep problems
attention problems, aggression, noncompliance
109
how to aid sleep schedule
consistent bed time routine, consistent sleep schedule, putting baby in crib when not asleep, avoid negative sleep associations, modify schedule, build ksills, careful about caffeine and technology
110
ancient view of psychiatric disorders
demonology, treatments
111
trephining
drilling hole in head
112
treatments in ancient history
trephining, burning, blistering, bloodletting
113
hippocrates
460 BC, father of medicine
114
4 humors
blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm
115
treatments of 4 humors
bloodletting, induce vomiting, induce diahrrhea, change lifestyle, herbal remedies, puratives, laxatives
116
when was humoral theory popular until
mid 1800s
117
what replaced humoral theory
new-fangled germ theory
118
myelination
the process of coating neurons with a fatty substance (myelin) to speed up neural transmission.
119
handedness
Preference for using one hand over the other, typically established in early childhood.
120
epigentetics
The study of how environmental factors can affect gene expression without changing DNA.
121
- Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
- more detailed evaluation of a newborn’s reflexes and responsiveness.
122
postpartum period
6 weeks
123
- Object Permanence
understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
124
receptive lang
ability to understand
125
expressive lang
ability to produce lang
126
joint attention
shared focus
127
goodness of fit
compatability between childs temper and parenting style
128
cephacaudal development
growth pattern from head to toe
129
proximodistal development
growth from center of body out
130
dynamic systems theory
development is complex biology, enviromen, and behavior
131
infant-directed speech (IDS)
simplified melodic way of speaking to infsants
132
assimilation
ment framewokrs that help organize info
133
deffereed imitation
repeating observation after a delay
134
holophase
single word used by a toddler to express idea
135
telegraphic speech
two or 3 word phrases that omit smaller words
136
Bayley Scales of Infant Development
standardized test to assess developmental functioning in infants and toddler
137
core knowledge theory
Suggests infants are born with innate knowledge systems (e.g., number sense, object permanence).
138
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Vygotsky’s concept describing tasks a child can perform with guidance but not alone.
139
scaffolding
Support provided by caregivers or educators to help a child perform within their ZPD
140
prefontal cortex
involving panning, descisions, impulse control
141
hemispheri specialization
the process by which certain cognitive functions become localized in either the left or right hemisphere
142
reticular formation
brain structure involved in attention and alertness, maturing during early childhood
143
cerebellum
Coordinates movement and balance; its development supports improved motor control.
144
circadian rhythym
bodys internal clock sleep wake cycles
145
sleep regression
temp disruptions in sleep patterns
Child Psychology
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