Class Test 2 POLI 435

Question 1

Common Assumptions of the Two Streams of the Satellite/Peripheral Dependency Model

Answer 1

1. subordinate actor: dependent status to great/major powers. French 1534-1773, British then US
2. System Ineffectual Actor: little/no impact on the system, take rules as is, determined by system determining/affecting states.
3. Penetrated Polity: domestic and foreign policy easily manipulated by domestic actors and other states.

Question 2

Characteristics of a Penetrated Polity

Answer 2

Colonial Status
-in the beginning, forcible incorporation into empire of an imperial power
Imperialism: process of empire building, ideologies associated, empire as necessary and legitimate through conquest.
-intimidation: (gunboat diplomacy) over the top military capacity
-compellance: exercise of military force to get another to do what you want
-deprivation of independence, self determination and sovereignty in domestic affairs as well as foreign policy.
1763-1867: completely subordinate. white settler colonies. 1867 BNA Act, control over home affairs but some disallow some legislation.
1931 Statute of Westminister: 1926 British Crown passes, 1930 becomes legislation through imperial conferences. product of pressure by dominion governments to control own foreign policy.

Question 3

Types of Sovereignty (Applied to Canada)

Answer 3

De Jure: juridical sovereignty. conferred by other states. legal status as recognition. 1931 Canada was recognized by GB
De Facto: not for Canada in 1931. Capacity, power resources that enable a state to carry out functions of sovereignty without external domination
-Canada, legally sovereign but minimal capacity, not able to fully enact own domestic affairs. informal empire of US

Question 4

Two Types of Empires

Answer 4

1. Formal: colonies
2. Informally: legally but not effectively sovereign. ex) Monroe Doctrine States: US sphere of influence Caribbean, south america, central america and it has been argued, Canada. Harry Magdoff: ‘Empire without colonies’

Question 5

Neo-Marxist Dependency Definition of Liberal Approach

Answer 5

1. Critical of liberal explanations of foreign policy, reject the behavioral middle power and principal power approaches.
2. Reject the liberal development or modernization theory of all societies will develop and all begin in an undeveloped state.
3. Walt Wittman Bostow: progressive and incremental process with stages. dev and modern as liberal democratic and capitalist.
4. Differential rates of development but all eventually reach point of development.
5. Expediated if already develop intervene. assume internal obstacles to development
6. Diffusionism: core developed, diffuse change agents to catalyze development. what need to develop faster. integration into IPE positive and progressive.

Question 6

Neo-Marxist Dependency Issues with Liberal Assumptions

Answer 6

1. no original state of undevelopment. all societies have been developing.
2. integration= negative for developing societies.
3. states don’t develop to point of sovereignty: external factors.
4. status product of imperial and post imperial histories

Question 7

Neo-Marxists Mission and Assumptions

Answer 7

1. why postcolonial societies have failed to develop. product of classical marxist, with neo-marxist addition
Classical Marxist Assumptions
1. state level analysis. domestic and national internal interests matter. (v.s realist anarchy)
2. international system is capitalist. power, power acquisition, empire and exploitation because of capitalist rather than anarchy.
3. capitalism is negative: exploitative, interaction two antagonistic classes. class struggle. class that owns has access to political power to perpetuate their status.
4. all capitalist states garner profit and thus have an insatiable appetite for more profit: expand productive capacity, cost effectiveness, looking for new consumer market. so look beyond own state to international system

Question 8

Colonial Division of Labour, Neo-Imperialism, Neo-Colonialism

Answer 8

1. core, establish empires and expand outwards.
2. imperial periphery, colonies capitalist acquire. produces unequal exchange, extract raw material and cheap labour and sell value added goods to periphery.
3. produces uneven development.
4. Neo-Imperialism: new form of exploitation. hold post colonialist states as dependents
5. Neo-Colonialism: Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana president identified ongoing pattern of dependency. sovereign in name only, engage in imperial way through informal economic mechanisms.

Question 9

Canada as a Peripheral State According to the Neo-Marxist Approach

Answer 9

1. Economic penetration: happening over time. FDI benefits US interests, appetite for raw resources, distortion of CAD economy, dependent on American market and consumer demands. Canadian elite represent ‘Comprador Bourgeoisie’, alignment with interests of foreign capital, exploit own people. ex) Keystone XL, Branch Plant Economy, extension of US markets.
2. Cultural Penetration: think like them, align with them, become complicit in exploitation by consuming what US sells
3. Political Penetration: avoid violating American interests, public opinion constraining factor, US centered foreign policy. continental and internationalist military. NORAD always US at top post, answer US calls for military interventions.

Question 10

Economic Nationalist Stream Over View and Motivations

Answer 10

1. normative approach to Canadian foreign policy. reversal of Canada’s dependence on the US. blue print to eliminate dependance.
2. Mercantilistic and statist. Economic intervention to serve the national interest
   Motivations
3. national control of strategic industries. state or private ownership. ex) resources and agriculture
4. protection of infant industries selected for development
5. promotion and protection of cultural industries. ex) CBC, NFB, CRTC.

Question 11

Economic Nationalist Stream Methods

Answer 11

1. Tarrifs: tax on imports to make it more expensive in the domestic market
2. Non-Tarrif Barriers:
   quotas: limit on quantity of import of product.
   product ban
3. Regulatory Environment: advertising restrictions, language requirements (official bilingualism as a disincentive to foreign corporations)
4. Subsidies to increase competitiveness: tax breaks, low interest loans and government purchase at guaranteed price. ex) Bombardier benefited from all three.
5. Export restrictions and controls: protect strategic assets.
6. Capital and Labour Outflows: balance of trade and payment surplus, asymmetrical balance. Autarky is ideal but second best. regulate banks, restrict FDI and restrict activities of foreign companies. regulate outflow and inflow of highly skilled/educated labour. lure skilled professionals away from competition.
7. popular appeals (buy Canadian)
8. Diverify Canadian economy

Question 12

International Level Explanations for State Behavior

Answer 12

1. structural and external factors. anarchy and distribution of capabilities IV and formation and execution of foreign policy as DV
2. states don’t act on anarchical international system, they react to it
3. State interests and behavior do not structure the international system, rather, behavior and interests are structurally determined by anarchy
4. Approach: state is a unitary actor (Waltz). ‘black box’. no examination of domestic foreign policy. states can be treated as like units, no variation in decisional outcomes of foreign policy behaviors, anarchy imposes common national interest and set of foreign policy behaviors on states.

Question 13

Kirkey and Hawes in Bratt and Kukucha

Bratt and Kukucha p. 141

Answer 13

1. international unusual. usually domestic factors in foreign policy study in Canada. use national explanations, with some exceptions such as Dewitt and Kirton Canada as Principal Power.
2. Canadian scholarly account insensitive to the structure of the international system which is problematic.
3. Foreign policy not made in a vacuum. exists in international context. must be understood within the realities of international system. important impact.
   p. 141
4. Cad FP greatly affected by two key apects of international environment: system’s anarchic structure and geospatial (physical location) and polar attributes (polarity) 1962 RJ Sutherland invariants of CAD foreign policy. rank status determined by relative power capabilities.

Question 14

International Invariants

Answer 14

1. RJ Sutherland: head of operational research group of the defense research board in Ottawa
2. Article: Canada’s Long Term Strategic Situation: assessed change and continuity in Cad international strategic environment post 1945.
3. Changes post 1945: Euro decline, recenter system in US, rise of superpowers, strategic bipolarity, Cold War, decolonization and rise of the Global South.
4. Despite significant changes internationally, identified constants with historical continuity: resistant to change, policy makers powerless to modify or change them, attempts to change them likely to fail, must be taken in to account when analyzing, formulating and enacting FP.

Question 15

International System as Invarient

Answer 15

1. international system is anarchic
2. competition, conflict and power politics
3. predominant threat remains tensions between dominant states
4. domination by major power. less powerful states are affected by their decisions and actions
5. Canada will have to ally with major power to assure security and survivability

Question 16

Geography as Invariant

Answer 16

1. neighbourhood: group of states sharing same regional space/border/close proximity or all border common geo focal point
2. Balance of power within and proximity to other neighbourhoods is invariant.
3. Canada as Arctic: Louis-Edmond Hamelin 1979 Canadian Nordicity. Canada looks North. Scandinavian countries, Denmark (Greenland), Iceland, US, Russia, China (claim to Arctic due to NW Passage interests, has capacity to intervene)
4. Continentalism: Canada and the US. Northern interests merely a response to US’ challenging Canadian interests. Settlement patter, 3/4 300km from US border.

Question 17

How Continentalism Informs FP and National Interests

Answer 17

1. Geography: magnitude, difficult to defend since so large. can’t maintain territory alone
2. Asymmetrical Interdependent Relationship with the US: two security environments are indivisible, US depends on the security of Canada, attack one, attack both, familial and cultural connections
3. Isolation: no other powerful actors in neighbourhood. can’t balance against the US
4. Consequence of neighbourhood characteristics: unique and unconventional security dilemma: Donald Barry and Dwane Bratt (2008), friendly security ally to deter threats however over reliance can be detrimental, US can intervene in Cad to ensure interests and act unilaterally.

Question 18

Foreign Policy Action

Answer 18

1. In light of restraints (invariants)…
2. continue to align with more powerful states to preserve national and security interests
   2 MAIN FOREIGN POLICY ACTIONS OF CANADA:
3. Balance of Power Politics (ecc). distribution of power as equitable or assymetrical
4. Defense Against Help

Question 19

Balance of Power and Types of Balancing

Answer 19

1. Foreign policy action to establish certain balance of power. equitable balance (CAD): accept live in world of states, international system is anarchic and that states engage in power balancing activity.
2. Analytical: group of theories that explain why/how states engage in balancing behavior and which is most stable.
3. Imbalances of power led to war
4. Balance = peace and stability between major actors
   Types of Balancing:
5. internal, independent of other states
6. external, align with other states to offset threats
7. external and internal
   Weaker states, external is very valuable, increases leverage against threats and offsets the cost of defense by augmenting intelligence capacity and avoiding domestic discontent with foreign policy issues

Question 20

Defense Against Help

Answer 20

1. Especially since the 1939 Kingston Dispensation
2. Theoretical expression in the 70’s and 80s by Nils Orvik. Drew comparisons between the diatic relations Sweded//Finland and Canada//US
3. Finland and Canada share single and common long border with major power, actively develop defense against help to offset isolation.
4. Defend against unilateral interventions to preserve sovereignty and maintain relationship:
   a. no provocative action inciting major power to act against it
   b. refrain from entering in to alliances including states hostile to the major power
   c. cannot allow territory to be used for military action against the major power
   d. internal balancing demonstrating actively involved in mutual defense and assume some responsibility for self defense.

Question 21

Kingston Dispensation

Answer 21

1938 under Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King

1. Defense Against help, prior to its intellectual conception.
2. Roosevelt invited to Queens to receive honourary doctorate, in FDR’s acceptance speech is the Kingston Dispensation,
3. 1930’s relatively secure due to geographic location, not center of conflict. rely on US as deterrent to threat. 38, departure from this secure point, high point in tension and uncertainty due to Japan empire building and Germany taking Czechoslovakia. Rise of Italy.
4. FDR alleviates 1938 concerns: America would come to Cad’s defense in light of GB’s loss of power. However, US concerned that Canada unable to defend self and fall prey to Japan or Japan/Italy, use as bridge to US. Strategic liability, US do what it wants regardless of what Canada wants.
5. Not alienate US but not rely too much on US protection. King in Globe and Mail, thanks but Canada can and will defend its territory. first attempt to balance.

Question 22

Bureaucracy

Answer 22

1. assist in policy formulation and enactment
2. Bureaucratic Politics Model: American origin, specifically the US foreign process. Graham Allison 1971 “Essence of Decision) 1999.
3. All US fp models inadequate because marginalize fundamental bureaucratic dimension.
4. Max Weber: bureaucracy characteristics
   - staffed by experts
   - a-political, don’t let politics bias their work
   - compliant, take orders from elected politicians
   - collective collaboration to advance national interests as defined by elected superiors.
5. Allison DISAGREES with Weber
   - not neutral
   - not compliant
   - not collective collaboration to achieve national interest
   - advance own interests.

Question 23

Canadian Political System

Answer 23

1. 1867 Westminister Model
2. dual executive. Head of State GG and Head of government PM.
3. In a republic, the head of state is elected.
4. Parliamentary- bi camera, upper and lower house. fusion of powers: legislative and head of government.
5. High party discipline and responsible government

Question 24

Allison’s Argument Applied to Canada (AGAINST)

Answer 24

1. Paul G in Bratt and Kukucha
2. Westminister model gives PM the power to over ride the interests of cabinet and bureaucracy. Bureaucracy efforts to influence don’t apply. PM dominates government, even if the bureaucrats were able influence ministers PM power dispels this effect.
3. PM ultimate figure of institutional power, head of party, head of caucus, head of parliament, principle spokesperson for policy. primus inter pares first among equals, not accurate characterization, more like superior without peers.

Question 25

Prime Ministerial Power

Answer 25

Powers: PMO powers are role or positional variables where as degree to which PM seeks to distinguish international behavior of gvt from other administrations is idiosyncratic variable 1. Appointment -plenipotentiary power -who can run - ex) Carolyn Parrish, critical of BUSH, appears on This Hour Has 22 Mins stomps on Bush doll. Cease and Desist by PM Martin, does not comply, stripped of nomination. -ex) Clinton//Dennis Blanchard worried because only PM present, not PM or PMO. Scared NAFTA fall through. Cretien > if minister tries to vote again, have new minister by am. 2. Control over the policy process 3. Organizational power: architecture, create ministries and departments. 4. Policy Dominance: determine what policy is going to be, decision ultimately theirs. lightning bolts: change content and direction at discretion without consultation. Mandate Letter that appoints ministers, specific instructions. 5. constrained by: french English relations, regionalism and Canada Us relations. enduring axes

Question 26

Allison's Argument in Canada (PRO)

Answer 26

1. PM's do not have control they would like over cabinet members 2. Spatial criteria, gender, religion, ethnic considerations unlike the US who can choose from the best. 3. MP's not highly qualified, heavy reliance on deputy minsters and other bureaucrats, susceptible to influence.

Question 27

Importance of 1945

Answer 27

1. pre 1945, continentalist in orientation 2. post 1945, shift to internationalism 3. Empirical practice since 1945 has changed, watershed moment

Question 28

Long Peace Overview

Answer 28

1. Desmond Morton 2. See US as principal threat to fledgling Canadian state 3. Long peace forged through US and Cad continentalism. 4. Irritants to long peace in foreign policy, not neccesarily CAD/US, evolve from GB/US relations, Canada is situated in that imperially and geo-spatially. 5. Morton recognizes irritants but still asserts long peace because: no war ever broke out, Canada existence guaranteed.

Question 29

List of Foreign Policy Irritants

Answer 29

1. War of 1812 2. Arrow Stook War (1839-1842) 3. American Civil War (1861-1865) 4. Polk Campaign Slogan "Fifty four forty or fight" 5. House of Representatives (1866) 6. Manifest Destine 7. Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Question 30

War of 1812

Answer 30

1. Crosses in to Canada because of US interests to pressure GB 2. GB impede US capacity on high seas 3. US support France during Napoleonic Wars, concerned about arms shipments

Question 31

Arrow Stook War

Answer 31

1839-1842 1. Lumberjack War 2. Nova Scotia v.s Maine, boundary dispute set by FB, US takes issue. 3. Detriment to logging industry

Question 32

American Civil War

Answer 32

1861-1865 1. GB support US south against union interests 2. GB seeks to out compete US North economically. 3. GB Alabama destroys 65+ naval ships 4. CAD as springboard to invade North US. results in closed border and requirement for CAD's to use passports

Question 33

Polk Campaign Slogan

Answer 33

1. Fifty Four Forty or Fight 2. GB//US border dispute 3. Oregon should extend North of Prince Rupert BC 4. Alaska dispute should be resolved in favour of US

Question 34

House of Representatives

Answer 34

1866 1. If colony of Cad liberate self, could decide to become party of US 2. Factor in 1867 dominion of Canada 3. GB concede self determination to Canada, to keep GB sphere of influence Sir John A establish Canadian Militia, Mounted Police and Royal Military College

Question 35

Manifest Destiny

Answer 35

1. US right to extend boundaries | 2. Right to prevail over North American continent

Question 36

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 36

1823 | 1. Central America, South America, Caribbean, European meddling in these regions would be an act of war on US

Question 37

Why Does Morton Assert Long Peace Exists Despite Irritants?

Answer 37

1. Balance of power: - deterrent to swallow Canada up, back up by the material power of Great Britain 2. Colonial era to the 1930's, growing economic interdependence. Reliance on raw materials supplied by Canada. 3. Convergence of political views: any government should be democratic, shared unity 4. Decline of ' Canadian Threat': politically stable, 1869 no longer finance militia system, imperial overstretch of GB 5. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: consequences of European intervention in Latin America: default on loans, threat of military intervention. guarantees stabilization and authority to intervene. wouldn't happen in Canada 6. Rush-Bagot 1817, first arms control agreement regarding war ships in great lakes, Treaty of Washington, resolve civil war issue, GB pays up.

Question 38

End of World War I

Answer 38

1. Canada reinforces continentalism. isolationism 2. Press systematically for full foreign policy control 3. GB concessions to CAD: - delegations to Paris Peace Conference - Sign treaty of Versailles - LoN membership - no recognition of independence, correspondence still goes through GB to get to US.

Question 39

Robert Neil Huebert's GB//CAD//US Relations

Answer 39

1. US replaces GB as primary trade partner 2. appetite for raw materials 3. system of imperial preferences in the midst of economic depression. Colonies and GB tariff free zone but outside, tarrifs. 4. US gets around this by establishing Branch plans such as GM Canada. 5. Geo politically, US keen to draw CAD in to its orbit. GB attempt to reverse this pattern 6. Biggest Canadian concerns until 1935: getting sucked in to war between GB//US war. GB//Japan naval agreement, Japan v.s US pacific interests

Question 40

What did Canada Seek to Do Pre 1945

Answer 40

1. negotiate with GB, if issue was of imperial concern or directly impacted Canada, then Canada should get consulted 2. Isolationism - Cad//US remain aloof from Euro affairs - Believe WWI folly of Europe, got dragged in to it not of their own making 3. post 1918, focus on national interest, a peaceful North American theater. Brother Sister Systems

Question 41

Discourse Analysis in Foreign Policy

Answer 41

Nicole Wegner 1. explain policy role and 2. mechanism for re defining national identity in international arena. Discursively Constituted Order Categories 1. representations of the world 2. social relations among people 3. social and personal identities Narratives in FP Discourse 1. reconstruct the nature of the international arena ex) terrorism as threat to security and emphasizes need for militarism 2. Canada's imagined identity ex) Afghanistan: Canada Fighting Terrorism, Canada the Humanitarian and Canada the Loyal Ally. Whitworth contradiction, hyper-masculinization of military and expected duties in peacekeeping.

Question 42

Canada and Libya

Answer 42

Sean McMahon 1. Canada participated in Libyan campaign bc global and local interests of the transnational historic bloc led by finance capital. destroy to rebuild second most valuable African country. 2. Facilitate accumulation by displacing ongoing crisis of surplus capital. surplus capital a problem because over accumulation, exhaustion of processes to facilitate accumulation. War spectacular means to address surplus capital crisis 3. Reaffirm neo liberal nationalist ideology.

Question 43

WHy did Canada bomb Libya

Answer 43

1. justify purchase of F 35 fighter plane 2. serve interests of Canadian corporations: SUNCOR SNC LAVALIN 3. substantiate the Conservatives' principled foreign policy 4. Provide West control over a region in flux

Question 44

Polarity of International System

Answer 44

Kirkey and Hawes 1. Multipolar - unclear and uncertain sources of threat - efforts to balance more complication - increase in misperception and miscalculation - alliances 2. Bipolar - clarity of threat for great powers - need to balance, less miscalculation/ confusion - alliances are just formalized polarity 3. Unipolar - increase in balancing, team up against great power.

Question 45

Canada//US Relations

Answer 45

Geoffrey Hale 1. intermesticity: blurring of domestic and international distinction in policy. 2. Three areas of trade: trade liberalization, competitive liberalization (slower integration and tighter border security post 9/11), 2008 financial crisis/recession 3. Bilateral trade impacted by: parallel/cooperative national policies, periodic irritants, structural changes in economies continental and global

Question 46

Canada//China Relations

Answer 46

Charles Burton 1. Economic concerns v.s human rights. strike balance 2. Right and left wing consensus, condemn human rights, adopt strong measures. Centrists: treat with due respect, friendly nation should est strategic partnership. 3. pillars: fair and reciprocal trade agreements, investigate state espionage 4. liberal democracy v.s one party authoritarian incompatibilities that impact three pillars of diplomacy

Question 47

Canada's Three Pillars of Diplomacy

Answer 47

1. promotion of prosperity and employment 2. protection of national security within stable global framework 3. projection of Canadian values and culture abroad.

Question 48

PM Leadership Style Impact on FP

Answer 48

Juliet Kaarbo 1. interest and experience 2. task orientation: process, building relations among cabinet and caucus v.s goal, promote ideological position and vision

Question 49

Institutionalization of Foreign Affairs 1909-2013

Answer 49

Department of External Affairs to Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade in 1993

Question 50

How NGO's Can Affect Policy Choices

Answer 50

1. help mobilize support 2. help widen public participation 3. help sustain attention on critical global problems 4. help frame issues and set agenda 5. help carry out

Question 51

Canadian Defense Policy

Answer 51

Kim Richard Nossal 1. Realm: sphere or domain that is both a political space and an ideational construct of political identity and community that can go beyond state borders. 2. 1867-1918: imperialism as a hybrid identity, security strategy inclusive on the British empire, little favour amongst Francophones. attachment to the patria (mother country) ex) Boer War and willingness to go to war WWI 3. 1919-1939 Shrinking of the realm. Fighting the war revealed contradiction within the Empire and Canada. No say despite contribution. Interwar isolationism. 4. 1945-1991 expansion from isolationist interwar period. shift to internationalism. 5. 1991-2001. Expanding and shrinking. Period of experimentation post Cold War. Expansion to include human security. 6. Post 9/11 narrowing in context of War on Terror

Question 52

Quebec Strategic Culture

Answer 52

1. Not pacifist isolationist or anti militarist 2. Anti militarist, rejecting military institutions. British, and Canadian territory not threatened and military as a British institution. 3. Socio-Political Transformation of the Quiet Revolution: changes in nationalism, attitude towards military institutions, level of education and religioisty

Question 53

RJ Sutherland's Predictions

Answer 53

Douglas Alan Ross 1. all out nuclear war avoided. 2. Soviet Union become status quo power 3. Rise of Chine 4. Western Europe closer towards coordinated unified confederal structure

Question 54

Canada's goals During the Inter War Years

Answer 54

1. Gain autonomy from GB 2. Expand and mature sovereignty 3. Fix Cad//Us bilateral issues 4. Mediate between GB//US 5. Disengage, isolationism

Question 55

1938 Mackenzie King National Interest

Answer 55

1. Keep GB in the war to prevent North American Invasion and keep balancing US//GB against each other 2. Begin aligning with US security interests through the Odensburg Agreement 1940: est of permanent join board on defense. Hyde Park Declaration 1941, integrate defense by jointly producing weaponry 3. Might does not make right. draw line in the sand.

Question 56

Internationalism and Canada 1943-1945

Answer 56

1. major power dominance. war dominated by big 3-4 US GB USSR China, why expect to change. 2. Peace is indivisible. 3. attitudinal shift among foreign policy elites and the public 4. Canada's contribution to WWII. Leverage this new status: self id as middle power. Article 23 non perm special considertion and Article 44 non member input UN Charter