DNA

Question 1

DNA Introduction

What is DNA

Answer 1

• Paired bases placed next to each other
• Helix structure made of 2 strands with inside bases
• based on X-ray crystallography by Rosalind Franklin
• “Discoved” by Watson and Crick
  
  • Nobel Laureates
• Carrier of genetic code

Question 2

DNA Introduction

How did Watson and Crick predicited DNA replication

Answer 2

• Base pairing ==> knowing other half of DNA and can copy it using enzymes

Question 3

DNA Replication

Process

Answer 3

1. Unwind using DNA Helicase at Promoter
2. place nucleotides with Polymerase
3. Bind broken with ligase

Question 4

DNA Introduction

Triplet Code

Answer 4

• Every three nucleotides of DNA is translated into a protein
• First transcribed into mRNA, then translated into protein using ribosomes

Question 5

DNA Replication

Enzymes

Answer 5

• DNA Helicase: Unwinder
• DNA Polymerase: Nucleotide placer
• DNA Ligase: Gluer of broken pieces

Question 6

DNA Introduction

Bases

Answer 6

1. T = Thymene
2. C=Cytosine
3. A = Adenine
4. G = Guanine

Question 7

DNA Introduction

Introns vs Exons

Answer 7

• Introns: DNA inside nucleus
• Exons: DNA that can exit nucleus

Question 8

Genetic Engineering / Biotechnology

Applicaions of Gene Editing

Answer 8

• Better Crops
  
  • Size: Corn
  • Nutrition: Golden Rice
  • Protection from pests: Cotton and Budworms
• Treating Diseases
  
  • Bone Marrow and Lung diseases
  • Vaccines
• Higlighting diseases and edited genes with GFP
• Personal Medicine

Question 9

Genetic Engineering / Biotechnology

Restriction Enzymes

Answer 9

• Break up viral DNA by recognizing palindromic DNA
• Used to find risk of certain diseases and developing genetic barcode to find Criminals and Paternal Testing

Question 10

Genetic Engineering / Biotechnology

Process

Answer 10

1. Using restriction enzyme, take target DNA
2. Insert into cell using Virus vector and express

Question 11

Genetic Engineering / Biotechnology

Promoters role

Answer 11

• If placed accurately, helps increasingly express newly transplanted gene

Question 12

Genetic Engineering / Biotechnology

Concerns with GMCO

Answer 12

• Could introduce unintended mutations
• Barrier for entry
• In roundup case: Still using powerful pesticide
• Control of gene expression
• Integration

Question 13

DNA Introduction

Chromosome

Answer 13

• Carries genetic information from genes and DNA

Question 14

DNA Introduction

Allele

Answer 14

• Variations of Genes

Question 15

DNA Information

Gene

Answer 15

• Group of DNA / Sequence of nucleotides

Question 16

CRISPR

What is CRISPR-Cas9

Answer 16

• cuts out specific parts of DNA to be replaced
• Very cheap, quick, and specific compared to Gene Therapy
• uses DNA of original creature ==> NO problem with USDA

Question 17

Genetic Therapy

What is Gene Therapy

Answer 17

• Taking Genes from one creature and putting into another creature’s cells

Question 18

CRISPR

Problems with CRISPR

Answer 18

1. Designer babies ⇒ Wealth gap and perfection?
2. Unexpected mutations ==> Safety concerns
3. Relies of Virus vectors ⇒ Immune reaction
4. Hard to deliver
5. Still taboo

Question 19

Gene Therapy

Success and Problems with Gene Therapy

Answer 19

• Ashanth (Bubble Boy) able to leave chamber because SCID treated
• Problem: Treatment in others led to lukemia and death due to mutations

Question 20

Gene Therapy

Somatic Cell Gene Therapy

Answer 20

• Genes inserted within somatic cells ≠ passing down

Question 21

Gene Therapy

Germ Line Gene Therapy

Answer 21

• Genes inserted within gametic ccells ==> passing changes to future generations

Question 22

Genetic Counselors

What are they?

Answer 22

• Process of investigating individuals and families affected by or at risk of genetic disorders to help them understand and adapt to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease

Question 23

Genetic Councelors

Cases

Answer 23

1. Case 1: Child needs to be treated; should father be told he is not the father before or after mother?
2. Case 2: Deaf Family wants their next child to be deaf; Can they use IVF to make sure it happens?
3. Case 3: David has genetic history of seizures but hasn’t had one; should he reveal to employer?
   
   • GINA protects his rights
4. Case 4: Bryce wants to know if he has ALS b/c genetic history, but his mom doesn’t; Can he do it if it goes against mom’s wishes?

Question 24

Human Genetics

Dominant vs Recessive Genes

Answer 24

• Dominant = most likely to be expressed
• Recessive = Not as likely

Question 25

# Human Genetics completely dominant genes and codominant/incompletely dominant genes

Answer 25

* Complete: 1 dominant allele(red) * Co-dominant: Both alleles(red and white) * Incomplete: Mix of alleles(pink)

Question 26

# Problems with Science Thomas Kuhn

Answer 26

* Sci Philosopher * Sci driven by paradigm --> continually shifts and needs to be rebuilt * Incommensurability: Break from past everytime ==> continuous relearning

Question 27

# Problem with Sci Problematic Figures

Answer 27

* Thomas Jefferson: Politician + Scientists who said Whites > blacks * Humors and geocentric universe * Eugenics * DDT: Initially Nobel Prize, then problematic, then good * Proton Collider : No public input

Question 28

# DNA Discovery Erwin Chargaff

Answer 28

* DNA comprises of various amounts of A,C,T,G * %A≈%T and %C≈%G

Question 29

# DNA Discovery Rosalind Franklin

Answer 29

* Found helix of DNA through Xray Crystallography

Question 30

# DNA Discovery Maurice Wilkins

Answer 30

* Nobel Laureate * Boss of Rosalind who showed W & C X-ray crystallography

Question 31

# Gene Flourescent Protein Gene Flourescent Protein

Answer 31

* Glowing protein found in jellyfishes that can be put in other creatures/ proteins

Question 32

# Gene Flourescent Protein Douglas Prasher

Answer 32

* Found GFP genetic code and can be used in other organzisms

Question 33

# Gene Flourescent Protein Shimomura

Answer 33

* Found GFP * **Nobel Laureate**

Question 34

# Gene Flourescent Protein Marty Chalfie

Answer 34

* Put GFP into E.coli. by annealing it to plasmid DNA * **Nobel Laureate**

Question 35

# Gene Flourescent Protein Lukyanov

Answer 35

* Found GFP-like proteins in corals ==> Red version

Question 36

# Gene Flourescent Protein Tsien

Answer 36

* Manipulated GFP to make many different colors * **Nobel Laureate**

Question 37

# CRISPR Yoshizumi Ishino

Answer 37

* 1987 * Discovered Plaindromes(Usually in Viral DNA) in Bacterial DNA * Named it Clustered Regualary Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats(CRISPR)

Question 38

# CRISPR Fransisco Mojica

Answer 38

* 2003 * Realizes CRISPR = restriction enzyme against Viruses

Question 39

# CRISPR Rodolphe Barrangou

Answer 39

* 2007 * Spacers = bacterial protection

Question 40

# CRISPR Kira Makarova

Answer 40

* 2007 * Cas proteins cut viral DNA/RNA

Question 41

# CRISPR Jennifer Doudna

Answer 41

* 2007: RNA sequences withing protein ==> specific use * can be used to do gene editing * **Nobel Laureate** * Became leader in gene editing Moritorium

Question 42

# CRISPR Emmanuele Charpentier

Answer 42

* 2010 * Tracer RNA = cutter * 2011(with Doudna): Make CRISPR Mechanism

Question 43

# CRISPR Human Research

Answer 43

* Has apparently happened but not accepted and heavily looked down apon

Question 44

# CRISPR Lu You

Answer 44

* 2016 * edited Cancer Cell