1
Q
Taxonomy
Binomial Nomenclature
A
- Genus name + Species Name
2
Q
Taxonomy
Cladistics
A
- Evolutionary Relationships with positive or negative traits
3
Q
Taxonomy
Species vs Subspecies
A
- Species: Can interbreed and produce viable offspring
- Subspecies: Different traits but can still interbreed
4
Q
Reproductive Isolation and Separation
Hybrid
A
- Two species can mate without fertile offspring
5
Q
Reproductive Isolation and Separation
Allopatric Speciation
A
- Separated by geography
6
Q
Reproductive Isolation and Separation
Sympatric Speciation
A
- Separation/Isolation but can meet if wanted to
7
Q
Reproductive Isolation and Separation
Types of Sympatric Isolation
A
- Prezygotic:
- Behavioral: Calls
- Temporal: Mating time
- Habitat
- Gamete/ZP3 incombatibility
- Postzygotic:
- Hybrid Inviability: No development of offspring
- Sterility: 0 fertile offspring
8
Q
Reproductive Isolation and Separation
Examples
A
- Salamanders in California are same species but different subspecies
- Need to be polymorphic in gene pool for subspecies
- May become sep species with time and more genetic variation
9
Q
Reproductive Isolation and Separation
Ernest Mayr
A
- Helped introduce subspecies after working with Birds of Paradise
- Was just a continum of one species adapting to different environment
10
Q
Reproductive Isolation and Separation
Subspecies Criteria
A
- Polymorphic
- Geo Isolation but can interbreed
- Genetic Difference(75% Rule)
- Physically Different
* Human Races ≠ subspecies because doesn’t apply to 75% rule
11
Q
Skin Color
What is it caused by?
A
- Melanocytes ==> Melanin(in Melanosomes)
- Transported to keratinocytes by tubes
12
Q
Skin Color
Determination and Correlated to
A
- Types:
- Phenomelanin: Pink/Yellow
- Eumelanin: Brown/Black
- Amount of Melanin
- Number of Melanosomes
* Correlated to UV Radiation Levels
13
Q
Evolution of Skin Color
Old Theory
A
- Started with chimps wit hwhite skin
- From Persistance Hunting, Sweating, and less hair, there was more need for melanin
- Problem: Cancer comes too late for evolution
14
Q
Evolution of Skin Color
New Theory
A
- Because UV destroys Folate and Folic Acid, needs to increase melanin for dark skin
- Since UV needed for Vitamin D production
- Vitamin D needed for calcium absorption
- Decerased Vitamin D ==> Rickets
- As go away from equator:Decreased melanin for Vitamin D
- Balance between Vitamin D and Folate
15
Q
Evolution of Skin Color
Folic Acid
A
- Prevent anemia in pregnancy
- Needed to make new cells and synthesize DNA
- Prevents spina bifida and hydrocephalus
- Needed for sperm production
16
Q
Population Separation
How population separation(race) came to be
A
- Race Genetic Drift ==> Founder and Bottleneck Effect
- Genome ==> skin color ≠ genetic equality
17
Q
Bias
Bias Systems
A
- Unconcious = 90%
- Automatic and Error Prone
- Conscious = 10%
- Effortful and Reliable
18
Q
Bias
Schema
A
- Mental Framework of abstract concepts
- Social Schema: Certain traits for groups
19
Q
Bias
Representativeness Heuristic
A
- Judge membership of someone based on how close they are to a certain schema
20
Q
Bias
Anchoring Effect
A
- Reason to believe something
21
Q
Bias
False Consensus Effect
A
- Surrounding yourself with others who agree with you
22
Q
Bias
Just World Effect
A
- Believing the world is fair
- Helps us rationalize what happens to others
- Helps us think that our efforts will be rewarded
23
Q
Bias
Fundamental Attributional Error
A
- Focusing on external factors and ignoring internal factors
24
Q
Bias
Actor-Observer bias
A
- External affect us
- Internal affect others
25
# Bias
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
* Treat someone based on bias which leads to proving bias
26
# Bias
How different societies view success and failure
* Individualistic: Success = Internal vs Failure = External
* Collectivisitic: Success = External vs Failure = Internal
27
# Racism
Ideological(Explicit) vs Implicit
* Nazis/KKK vs Unconcious
28
# Problems with IAT
David Amodio and Patricia Devine
1. Testing with Trivia and what parts they take
2. How close they sit to a partners chair based on name sound
29
# Problems with IAT
Phyiscian Implicit Bias
* Black recieve less analgesia b/c can tolerate less pain
* White more treatment
30
# Evolutionary Causes for Implicit Bias
Group Reasons
* Outgroup Bias
* Reduced with religion which makes more people ingroup
31
# Evolutionary Causes for Implicit Bias
Brain Reasons
* *amygdala:* Lights up with racial bias
* Non-stressful conditions = ventromedial PFC dampening
* Stressful = hypothalamus and amygdala activation
32
# Evolutionary Causes for Implicit Bias
Tania Singer
* Mirror neurons when other people get hurt
* in the Anterior Singulate Cortex
33
# Defining Race
Biology vs Societal
| From Smith
* Bio = Similar
* Soc = Difference ==> judgement/stereotypes==> power
* also equal action of percieving others
34
# Male vs Female Ethics
Sex
Biology at Birth
35
# Male vs Female Ethics
Sexuality
* Psychiology
* Masculine / Feminine
36
# Male vs Female Ethics
Gender Identity
Private
37
# Male vs Female Ethics
Gender Role
Societal Definition
38
# Male vs Female Ethics
Sexual Orientation
Erotic Desire
39
# Biological Separation of Males and Females
Wolffian Ducts
* Dev with Testosterone @ 6 weeks
40
# Biological Separation of Males and Females
Müllerian Ducts
* Dev without Testosterone @ 6 weeks
41
# Biological Separation of Males and Females
Y-chromosome
* < 74 genes
* Determine increased height and bone length
* SRY gene
42
# Biological Separation of Males and Females
SRY gene
* Transcription Factor
* Leads to production of Testosterone, anti-müllerian hormone (Internal Structures)
* Test ==> 5alpha-Reduction==> dihydrogentestosterone (External)
43
# Biological Separation of Males and Females
Syndromes
* Swyer: No SRY
* Tall but really small uterus and infertile
* XX male: XX and SRY
* Male/ Ambiguous External Appearance: male gender role
* Sterile(azoospermia)
* XY Androgen Insensitivity(AIS): No binding of Test
* External = female
* Psych = female
* Tall, thin, no uterus
44
# Biological Separation of Males and Females
5-alpha Reductace Deficiency
* High amount of Test ≠≠> dihydrogentestosterone
* Internally Male only
* transitions from Female to Male during puberty
45
# Biological Separation of Males and Females
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia(CAH)
* Increased Androgen ==> Increased Testosterone ==> Identifying as male
46
# Male vs Female Brain Comparisons
Intra- vs Inter-hemispheric Connectivity
1. Higher in men
2. Higher in women
47
# Male vs Female Brain Comparisons
General
* While men brain larger, only b/c gave to do with body size
* Men: Increased parietal cortex(spacial awareness), Increased amygdala, increased SQ
* Women: Increased Hippo, FC, Corpus Callosum, Broca and Wiernike's area, EQ
48
# Male vs Female Brain Comparisons
Hormone effect on sep brains
* Second wave of Testosterone ==> Male brain
49
# Homosexuality
How Homosexual males different from Hetero males
* Have cell clusters in hypothalamus≈ hetero women
* Have male pheremone receptors
* Caused by many genes
* More male older siblings ==> increased chance of homosexuality
50
# Heritability
Purely Genetic Syndromes
* Down: Extra trisome(chromosome)
* Klinefelter: XXY(appear male but masks male effects)
51
# Heritability
Definition
* Proportion of variation among individuals in population due to genetic causes
* Calculated by Heritability Coefficient
* Abstract and Population Concepts: math and not about individuals
52
# Heritability
MAO-A
* Warrior Gene
* Increased = less agression in men and vice versa in women
53
# Heritability
Seratonin
* Balance Critical
* Too much = anxiety; Too little = agressive
* Short-form==> Agression
54
# Heritability
Phenylketonuria(PKU)
* Couldn't break down Phenylalanine ==> neurotoxicity
* Can alter by decreasing Phen in diet==> healthier babies
55
# Gay Marriage
Past Cases
* 1986: Bowers v. Hardwick: State decision
* 1996: Romer v. Evans: Colorado couldn't descriminate
* 2003: Lawrence v. Texas: Complete SCOTUS overturning(no state control)
* 2013: US v. Windsor & Hollingsworth v. Perry: 0 talk about marriage
56
# Gay Marriage
Obergefell v. Hodges
| 2015
* Gay marriage legal
* 4 principles
1. Personal Choice and Autonomy: *Loving*
2. Marriage Contraceptions(Intimate Associations): *Griswold*
3. Purpose of Marriage(safeguards children and family): *Windsor*
4. Marriage = keystone of nation's social order: *Maynard*
57
# Gay Marriage
Majority vs Dissenting Opinion
* Kennedy: Lawfully expressing identity
* Roberts: SCOTUS ≠ Leg ==> 0 role in case
* Thomas: Court ≠ giving rights
* Alito: People's decision
* Scalia: majority = hubris & coup & playing god
Bioethics
flashcards
Decks in class (12)
# Cards
