Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Z OLD Tissues of the Body > Glandular Tissues and Cell Secretion > Flashcards

Glandular Tissues and Cell Secretion Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gland?

A

An epithelial cell or collection of cell specialised for secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can glands be classified?

A
  • Destination
  • Structure
  • Nature
  • Method
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can glands be classified into based on destination?

A

NAME?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do exocrine glands have?

A

Ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where do exocrine glands secrete?

A

Onto epithelial surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do endocrine glands produce?

A

Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do endocrine glands secrete?

A

Into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can glands be classified into base on structure?

A

NAME?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the possible differences between the secretory part of a gland?

A
  • Is it unicellular or multicellular?
  • It it acinar (alveolar) or tubular?
  • Is it coiled or branched?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the different types of duct systems?

A
  • Simple gland

- Compound gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is meant by a simple gland?

A

Single duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is meant by a compound gland?

A

Branched ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How to ducts branch?

A

From main duct → interlobular → intralobular → intercalated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do ducts define?

A

The structure of complex glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What kind of gland is a goblet cell?

A

Unicellular exocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where are goblet cells found?

A

In pseudostratified epithelium of respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the ion channel molecule CFTR normally found?

A

The apical membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In what condition is the CFTR protein not present?

A

Cystic Fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is the CFTR protein not present in CF?

A

The mutant protein is normally destroyed before it reaches the apical membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the result of the absent CFTR gene?

A

Cl - transport across membrane seriously compromised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the result to mucous of the compromisation of Cl - transport across the membrane?

A

It becomes viscous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why does faulty Cl - transport lead to viscous mucous?

A

The lack of Cl - , and therefore Na + (as sodium usually follows Cl - ), changes the osmotic potential, which means that water doesn’t leave the epithelium in sufficient quantities, so the mucus is not adequately hydrated, thus becoming viscous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What problems does viscous mucus cause?

A
  • Serious pulmonary infection
  • Meconium ileus
  • Constipation
  • Invagination of parts of GI tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does viscous mucus result in serious pulmonary infection?

A

Because the mucus can’t be as readily moved to oropharynx for swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is meconium ileus?

A

Inability to pass first faeces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What causes the GI symptoms of CF?

A

Viscous mucus of the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens to pancreatic ducts as they merge towards epithelium?

A

They become bigger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When are multicellular glands considered simple?

A

If the ducts do not branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Give the 4 types of simple glands

A
  • Simple tubular
  • Simple coiled tubular
  • Simple branched tubular
  • Simple acinar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When are multicellular glands compound?

A

If the ducts branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Give the 3 types of compound glands

A

NAME?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is a compound tubuloalveolar gland?

A

A mixture of tubular and alveolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What can glands be classified into by nature of secretion?

A
  • Mucous

- Serous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What do mucous glands produce?

A

Secretions that contain mucins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are mucins?

A

Highly glycosylated polypeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What happens to mucins with later?

A

They swell a lot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How do mucous cells stain with H&E sections?

A

Poorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What do serous membranes secrete?

A

NAME?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How do serous cells stain in H&E sections?

A

Pink, as they are eosinophilic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What can glands by classified into based on method of secretion?

A

NAME?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What kind of secretion do the vast majority glands use?

A

Merocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is merocine secretion also known as?

A

Exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Describe the process of merocrine secretion

A
  • Membrane bound component approaches cell surface
  • Bounded membrane fuses with plasma membrane
  • Contents in continuity with extracellular space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What has happened to the plasma membrane following merocrine secretion?

A

It is transient larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What must happen to the plasma membrane following merocrine secretion?

A

It must be retrived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Why must the plasma membrane be retrieved following merocrine secretion?

A

It stabilised the cell SA, otherwise the membrane would get very big

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Describe the process of apocrine secretion

A
  • Non-membrane bound structure approaches the cell surface membrane
  • Makes contact and pushes up apical membrane, so a thin layer of cytoplasm drapes around the droplet
  • Membrane surrounding droplet pinches off from the cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Give an example of a type of molecule that may use apocrine secretion?

A

Lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What happens to the plasma membrane following apocrine secretion?

A

It is transiently smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What needs to be done following apocrine secretion?

A

Membrane needs to be added to regain the area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Give an example of where apocrine secretion occurs?

A

Mammary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is secreted from the acini of the mammary gland?

A

Milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is needed to assist secretion in the mammary gland?

A

Myoepithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What kind of secretion to apocrine sweat glands use?

A

Merocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Why are apocrine sweat glands contradictorily named?

A

Because cytoplasmic blebbing not indicative of apocrine secretion

56
Q

Where do apocrine sweat glands occur?

A

NAME?

57
Q

What kind of secretion do eccrine sweat glands use?

A

Merocrine

58
Q

How do eccrine sweat glands work?

A

The myoepithelial cells contract, facilitating transport of luminal contents towards the duct

59
Q

What can sweat testing for abnormally salty sweat confirm?

A

A CF diagnosis

60
Q

Why do CF sufferers have abnormally salty sweat?

A

Because the absence of CFTR proteins in the apical membrane of epithelial cells lining the ducts of the sweat gland results in poor reabsorption of chloride ions, resulting in sweat rich in them

61
Q

What kind of sweat does a heathy person secrete?

A

Hypotonic

62
Q

Why do people normally secrete hypotonic sweat?

A

Don’t want to waste ions

63
Q

Describe the process of holocrine secretion

A

NAME?

64
Q

Give an example of somewhere holocrine secretion occurs?

A

Sebacous gland

65
Q

What does a sebaceous gland do?

A

Undergoes holocrine secretion to fill the hair follice with sebum

66
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Engulfing material initially outside the cell

67
Q

Where are endo- and exocytosis coupled?

A

In trans-epithelial transport

68
Q

Describe the process of trans-epithelial transport

A

NAME?

69
Q

What can happen to molecules too large to penetrate membranes?

A

They can be shunted from one component of the body to another by trans-epithelial transport

70
Q

Do molecules in trans-epithelial transport cross membranes?

A

No

71
Q

Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus

A
  • Stack of disk shaped cisternae
  • One side flattened, other concave
  • Disks have swellings at edges
72
Q

In what direction to substances move through the Golgi?

A

From the flat to concave surface

73
Q

What happens to the swellings at the edge of the Golgi cisternae?

A

Distal swellings pinch off as migratory Golgi vacuoles

74
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

Adding sugar to proteins

75
Q

Where does glycosylation occur?

A

In the cisternae of the Golgi

76
Q

What is the function of the Golgi?

A
  • Sorting into different compartments
  • Packing through condensation of contents
  • Glycosylation
  • Transport of resultant vesicles
77
Q

How does the Golgi sort into different components?

A

Puts them into different vacuoles

78
Q

How do vesicles transport through the Golgi?

A

Move through the Golgi in 1 direction

79
Q

Where are the products from the Golgi destined?

A
  • Majority extruded in secretory vesicles
  • Some retained for use in cells
  • Some enters plasma membranes
80
Q

What glands extrude products from the Golgi in secretory vesicles?

A

All those secreting substances like mucus onto epithelial surfaces

81
Q

Give an example of where Golgi products are retained for use in cells?

A

Lysosomes

82
Q

Give an example of where Golgi products enter the plasma membrane?

A

Glycocalyx

83
Q

What is the advantage of glycosylation?

A

Branching sugars offer complex shapes, which allow for specific interactions in glycocalyx

84
Q

How do glycosylated proteins interact with other proteins?

A

In a very specific way

85
Q

Why does glycosylation have the potential for such specificity?

A

Because although there are only 6 to 8 sugar monomers, they can produce 1000’s of sugars if they’re put together in different combinations

86
Q

What happens if the glycosylated layer is destroyed by enzymes?

A

It alters many specificity based properties of the cell

87
Q

What properties of a cell might be altered by destruction of the glycosylated layer?

A
  • Adhesion to substrates and neighbouring cells
  • Mobility
  • Communication with neighbouring cells
  • Contact inhibition of movement and division
88
Q

How can secretion be controlled?

A
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine
  • Neuro-endocrine
  • Negative feedback of chemical mechanism
89
Q

Give an example of nervous control of secretion

A

Sympathetic stimulation of adrenal medullary to release adrenaline

90
Q

Give an example on endocrine control of secretion

A

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete hormones such as cortisol

91
Q

Give an example of neuro-endocrine control of secretion

A

Nervous cells of hypothalamus controls ACTH secretion

92
Q

Give an example of negative feedback on a chemical mechanism controlling secretion

A

Inhibitory effect of high thyroxine (T3 and T4) on TSH synthesis

93
Q

Give 3 examples of exocrine glands

A
  • Unicellular glands (goblet cells)
  • Parotoid glands
  • Submandibular glands
94
Q

Where are goblet cells found?

A

Jejenum and colon

95
Q

Give 4 examples of endocrine glands

A
  • Pancreas
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid glands
  • Adrenal (superarenal) glands
96
Q

What are the 3 main salivary glands?

A
  • Parotid
  • Submandibular
  • Sublingual
97
Q

Are salivary glands mucus or serous?

A

Mixed

98
Q

What are serous demilumes?

A

An artifactual crescent moon of serous tissue

99
Q

What causes serous demilumes?

A

With conventional fixation, mucous cells swell, releasing mucus, which squeezes serous cells out to the edge

100
Q

Is the pancreas exocrine or endocrine?

A

Both

101
Q

Where is the head of the pancreas?

A

In the curl of the duodenim

102
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A
  • Churns out alkaline bicarbonate ions
  • Releases digestive enzymes
  • Produce insulin and glucagon
103
Q

Why does the pancreas churn out bicarbonate ions?

A

To neutralise the acid released by the stomach

104
Q

Why does the acid released by the stomach need to be neutralised?

A

Because the small intestine is not adapted to highly acidic conditions

105
Q

Give 4 digestive enzymes released by the pancreas

A

NAME?

106
Q

What happens to the insulin and glucagon produced by the pancreas?

A

It’s secreted into the bloodstream

107
Q

What is wrong with the secretions of the pancreas in cystic fibrosis?

A

They contain too little water, and so become thickened

108
Q

What is the result of the thickened secretions of the pancreas?

A

The ducts become blocked

109
Q

What is the result of blocked pancreatic ducts?

A
  • Painfully inflamed pancreas (pancreatitis)
  • Pancreas becomes fibrotic
  • Gut receives insufficient pancreatic digestive enzymes, which results in malabsorption
110
Q

What does malabsorption lead to?

A

Secretion of fat in faeces and diarrhoea

111
Q

How does the rate of deterioration of the endocrine pancreas differ from that of the exocrine?

A

It’s slower

112
Q

Why is the rate of deterioration of the endocrine pancreas slower?

A

Because it has no exocrine ducts

113
Q

What are 3 cell types of pancreatic islets of Langerhans?

A
  • Alpha
  • Beta
  • Delta
114
Q

What does each islet of Langerhan have?

A

An exocrine acinus

115
Q

What does the thyroid gland consist of?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium follices

116
Q

Where is the thyroid gland found?

A

Wrapped around the trachea

117
Q

What does each follicle have?

A

Homogenous colloid

118
Q

What does the thyroid gland need to perform its function?

A

Good blood supply

119
Q

Why does the thyroid gland need good blood supply?

A

Because it’s an exocrine gland, and so is secreting into the bloodstream

120
Q

What happens to the lining cells of the thyroid gland when it’s active?

A

They become slightly columnar

121
Q

What are the steps of thyroid hormone synthesis?

A
  • Thyroglobulin is synthesised and secreted
  • Uptake and concentration of iodine from blood
  • Iodine is oxidised, and released into colloid
  • Iodination of thyroglobulin in colloid
  • Formation of T3 and T4 hormones by oxidative coupling reactions
  • Resorption of colloid by receptor-mediated endocytosis
  • Release of T3 and T4 from cell by exocytosis
122
Q

What is the purpose of the thyroid gland?

A

It thyroxin in T3 and T4 states at correct level

123
Q

What do parathyroid glands secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

124
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there?

A

Usually 2, sometimes 3, pairs

125
Q

What does PTH control?

A

The level of calcium in the blood

126
Q

What must be done in the case of a thyroidectomy?

A

The parathyroid glands must be left behind

127
Q

Where are the adrenal glands found?

A

Sitting on top of each kidney

128
Q

What does each adrenal gland consist of?

A

NAME?

129
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

130
Q

What does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

Corticosteriod hormones

131
Q

What does the adrenal cortex consist of?

A

3 layers, each producing different hormones

132
Q

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Zona glomerulosa
  • Zona fasciculata
  • Zona reticularis
133
Q

Which zone of the adrenal cortex is the closest to the artery?

A

Zona glomerulosa

134
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa produce?

A

Aldosterone

135
Q

What does the zona fasciculata produce?

A

Primarily, cortisol

136
Q

What does the zona reticularis produce?

A

Primarily, weak male hormone

Z OLD Tissues of the Body (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions