H&S: Definitive Collection

Question 1

How long after Strep A infection can ARF develop?

Answer 1

2-3 weeks

Question 2

Correlation between country income and RHD incidence

Answer 2

Inverse (more common in poorer)

Question 3

Correlation between age and RHD incidence

Answer 3

Inverse (more common in younger)

Question 4

Is RHD more common in men or women?

Answer 4

Women

Question 5

Are people more likely to develop RHD or ARF younger?

Answer 5

ARF

Question 6

Are indigrenous or non-indigenous people more likley to develop ARF and RHD?

Answer 6

Indigenous (>60 times higher prevalence)

Question 7

List three important Social Determinants of
Health for RHD

Answer 7

• Crowding
• Socioeconomic status
• Dwelling characteristics

Question 8

Primary ARF prevention

Answer 8

• Antibiotics
• Develop vaccine

Question 9

Secondary ARF prevention

Answer 9

• Improve awareness and diagnosis
• Regular antiobitcs for people at risk

Question 10

Tertiary RHD prevention

Answer 10

• Medications
• Access to surgery

Question 11

Primordial ARF/RHD prevention

Answer 11

• Reduction in poverty
• Improved access to healthcare

Question 12

List three important Social Determinants of
Health for RHD

Answer 12

• Crowding
• Socioeconomic status
• Dwelling characteristics

Question 13

Outline some roles of epidemiology

Answer 13

• Detect when/how many cases of disease
• Monitoring and surveillance
• Contribute to development of preventative programs

Question 14

What percentage of all deaths in 2020 arose from CHD?

Answer 14

10%

Question 15

What is the leading cause of death and disease burden in Australia?

Answer 15

CHD

Question 16

Which groups are more at risk for CHD, including hospitalisation, dying, disease burden

Answer 16

• Indigenous people
• Remote communities
• Lower socioeconomic areas

Question 17

Are men or women more likely to be hospitalised for AF?

Answer 17

Men

Question 18

Is the DALY (disease adjusted life years) burden of AF increasing or decreasing? What are three factors contributing to this?

Answer 18

• It is increasing
• This is due to:
  
  1. Population growth
  2. Population ageing
  3. More AF cases

Question 19

Why does improved survival rates of CVD increase AF cases?

Answer 19

Because people are more likely to survive longer and develop AF

Question 20

Describe the risk factors for coronary heart disease

Answer 20

• Age
• Sex
• Hypertension
• Hypercholesterolaemia
• Smoking
• Diet
• Low HDL cholesterol
• Obesity

Question 21

Risk factors for AF

Answer 21

• Hypertension
• Coronary heart disease
• Valvular heart disease

Question 22

How does smoking affect the lungs?

Answer 22

Impairs the pulmonary and immune function. Impairs function, and can cause conditions such as COPD and cancer

Question 23

How does smoking influence clearance rate of particles in the lungs? How?

Answer 23

It decreases it, by decreasing the effectiveness of the mucocilliary escalator

Question 24

How does smoking increase risk of infection?

Answer 24

• Increasing reliance on coughing to clear infection
• Retention of particles, leading to infection
• Impairs innate immune system and prompts inflammation

Question 25

How does smoking impact lung function?

Answer 25

- Triggers inflammatory response that leads to destruction of functional lung tissue

Question 26

What percentage of long-term smokers will develop COPD?

Answer 26

15-20%

Question 27

There is one way to reduce loss of lung function for smokers with COPD. What is it?

Answer 27

Smoking cessation

Question 28

What is the most common cancer in the world?

Answer 28

Lung cancer

Question 29

Are men or women more likely to smoke overall?

Answer 29

Men

Question 30

What is the correlation between education and income status and smoking?

Answer 30

Lower income and education corresponds with higher rates of smoking

Question 31

Effect of mental illness on smoking rate

Answer 31

Increased prevalence

Question 32

Effect of age on smoking status

Answer 32

Middle ages smoke the most, youngest and oldest smoke less

Question 33

Are indigenous people more likely to smoke than non indigenous people?

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

How does smoking DRIVE social inequality?

Answer 34

- Disparity in mortality rates - High cost of cigarettes

Question 35

Describe some ways in which health policy contributed to the effectiveness of smoking prevention

Answer 35

1. Taxation and pricing (leveraging price sensitivity) 2. Public education campaigns (reduce social proof) 3. Advertising and sponsorship bans 4. Smoke-free areas 5. Support for quitting 6. Health warnings on packaging

Question 36

How do media prevention campaigns act at an individual and social level to decrease smoking?

Answer 36

Individual: Prompt quitting by conveying downsides Population: Decrease social proof

Question 37

Upstream vs downstream public health factors

Answer 37

Upstream: macroscopic factors that influence health outcomes Downstream: providing equitable access to care

Question 38

What are targeted strategies in the context of public health?

Answer 38

Interventions that target a specific subsection of the population based on demographic, behaviour, or other such criteria (as opposed to the whole population).

Question 39

What is planetary health?

Answer 39

Health of mankind and the natural systems on which it depends

Question 40

What is climate change?

Answer 40

- Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns - It can be natural, due to natural changes, or human-induced, such as in the burning of fossil fuels

Question 41

How can climate change increase risk of haematological pathology?

Answer 41

- Disruption of natural resources -> economic disparity -> risk factor for anaemia - Reduced crop yields and, in some instances, reduced iron content due to increased temp/CO2 concentrations, a risk factor for iron deficiency anaemia

Question 42

Climate change mitigation vs adaptation

Answer 42

Mitigation: stopping Adaptation: adjusting to consequences of

Question 43

Climate change mitigation strategies

Answer 43

- Renewable energy sources - Public transport/cycling to work - Taxing non-renewable energy

Question 44

Climate change adaptation strategies

Answer 44

- Diversifying crops to ensure solid food supply - Preparing supply chains and transport systems to better withstand extreme weather events

Question 45

List some ways in which climate change is threatening the population

Answer 45

- Rising sea level -> people displaced (refugees) - Decreased food security caused by altered crop yields - Increased natural disasters

Question 46

What are some sources of greenhouse gas?

Answer 46

- Livestock - Transport - Industry/Energy - Health care