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Z OLD Tissues of the Body > Infection and Microbiology > Flashcards

Infection and Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biggest kind of microbe?

A

Eukaryotic

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2
Q

What are the smallest microbes?

A

Viruses

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3
Q

What microbes are of intermediate size?

A

Prokaryotic microbes

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4
Q

Do prokaryote microbes have membranes

A

No- no nuclear membrane or membrane-bound organelles

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5
Q

Do prokaryotic microbes have DNA or RNA?

A

Both

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6
Q

What are viruses?

A

Obligate cell parasites

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7
Q

What is meant by obligate?

A

It has to perform a specific function

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8
Q

Do viruses have DNA or RNA?

A

One or the other, but not both

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9
Q

Are all agents of infection microbes?

A

No

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10
Q

What are most deep tissues considered to be?

A

Sterile

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11
Q

Where are microbes predominantly found?

A

Epithelial tissue

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12
Q

Why are microbes predominantly found in epithelial tissue?

A

All epithelial surfaces are constantly in contact with microbes

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13
Q

How was the stomach traditionally considered?

A

As sterile

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14
Q

Why was the stomach traditionally considered sterile?

A

Because the acid

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15
Q

What is now known regarding the stomach?

A

Some microbes are able to withstand acid, and can therefore infect the stoamch

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16
Q

Why aren’t bacteria seen on micrographs?

A
  • They stain poorly with H&E
  • Tissue preparation deliberately remove many of them
  • Insufficient magnification
  • Routine histology often ignores or deliberately removes the microbes normally present on/in the human body
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17
Q

What do normally resident microbes comprise?

A

Our microbiomes

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18
Q

What is the metabolic power and effect of our microbome comparable too?

A

At least an organ like the lvier

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19
Q

What are differences in individuals’ microbes linked to?

A

Health and disease

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20
Q

How is an individuals microbiome linked to health?

A

Important for tissue differentiation

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21
Q

How is an individuals microbiome linked to disease?

A

Can be significant in obesity, diabetes and psoriasis

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22
Q

What do we need to see microbes?

A

Special stains and microscopy techniques

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23
Q

What does the Gram stain allow?

A

Detection and beginnings of classification of most bacteria

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24
Q

What do acid fast stains allow?

A

Detection of bacterial causes of TB and leprosy

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25
Q

What is the clinical importance of bacteria stains?

A

Help in diagnosis and treatment of infection

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26
Q

What happens in the Gram stain?

A
  • +vely charged crystal violet binds to -vely charged cell components, predominantly nucleic acids
  • Iodine forms large molecular complexes with crystal violet
  • Acetone and methanol extract the complexes through the Gram -ve, but not through the Gram +ve cell wall
  • Red dye is used to stain the now unstained Gram -ve cells
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27
Q

What does the Gram stain reveal?

A

Profound difference in the cell surface of different types of bacteria

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28
Q

What colour do Gram+ bacteria stain?

A

Dark blue

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29
Q

What colour do Gram- bacteria stain?

A

Red

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30
Q

Describe the bacterial cell envelope of a Gram+ bacteria

A
  • Single molecule spreading all the way around the cell surface
  • Thicker peptidoglycan covering on outside
  • Cytoplasmic membrane on inside
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31
Q

How does the Gram- cell envelope differ from that of the Gram+?

A

NAME?

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32
Q

Describe the bacterial cell envelope of a Gram- bacteria

A
  • Outer membrane
  • Layer of peptidoglycan
  • Cytoplasmic membrane
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33
Q

Give 3 shapes of bacteria

A
  • Cocci
  • Rods/bacilli
  • Coccibacilli
34
Q

Give 3 variations of bacteria

A
  • Curved
  • Spiral
  • Filamentous
35
Q

Give 2 internal structures of bacteria

A

NAME?

36
Q

Give 3 external structures of bacteria

A
  • Fimbrae/pili
  • Flagallae
  • Capsule
37
Q

What does the Gram- out membrane consist of?

A

NAME?

38
Q

What is significant about the LPS layer?

A

It is highly toxic

39
Q

What are most symptoms of infection caused by?

A

The immune reaction

40
Q

Give 3 cell envelope types that can’t be visualised by the Gram stain?

A
  • Mycobacterium
  • Mycoplasmas
  • Those that are too small
41
Q

What stains can be used to visualise mycobacterium?

A
  • Acid fast stain
  • Fluorescent
  • Z-N brightfield stains
42
Q

Give an example of an acid fast stain

A

Turamine

43
Q

Why can’t mycoplasmas be visualised by the Gram stain?

A

No peptidoglycan

44
Q

Give 2 examples of mycobacterial diseases?

A

NAME?

45
Q

What does the mycobacterial cell wall consist of?

A
  • Glycolipids on outside
  • Mycolic acid
  • Arabinogalactan
  • Peptidoglycan
  • Plasma membrane
46
Q

What is the advantage of smears for acid fast bacilli?

A

Rapid

47
Q

What is the disadvantage for smears for acid fast bacilli?

A

Relatively insensitive

48
Q

What is the clinical importance of cell walls?

A
  • Detection and diagnosis via Gram and acid fast stains
  • Endotoxin effects
  • Target for antibiotics
49
Q

What is the advantage of using bacterial cell walls as a target for antibiotics?

A

Allows for selective toxicity

50
Q

Give 3 examples of antibiotics that use cell walls as their target

A
  • ß-lactams
  • Glycopeptides
  • Isoniazid
51
Q

Where can bacteria be grown?

A
  • In broth
  • Colonies on agar media
  • Biofilms
52
Q

How do bacteria grow in broth?

A

Replication by binary fission

53
Q

What does growth in broth give rise to?

A

Lag, exponential (log) and stationary phases of growth

54
Q

What are the stages that happen when bacteria grow on biofilms?

A

Attachment → colonisation → growth on surface

55
Q

What is the clinical importance of broth turbidity?

A

NAME?

56
Q

What is the clinical importance of colonies?

A

Easy identification and counting of bacteria

57
Q

What is the clinical importance of biofilms?

A

Can model bacterial growth on medical devices

58
Q

Why is bacterial growth on medical devices important?

A

Because one of the major reasons for needing to remove intravascular diseases is that they get infected

59
Q

What is the clinical importance of the speed to bacterial growth?

A
  • Rate at which disease develops

- Time available to diagnose

60
Q

What are the requirements for bacterial growth?

A
  • Specific energy source
  • Specific building blocks
  • Specific atmosphere
61
Q

What atmosphere is required by the majority of bacteria in/on the body?

A

Absence of oxygen

62
Q

What are the 3 types of organisms, classified by their atmospheric requirements?

A
  • Aerobes
  • Anaerobes
  • Facultative
63
Q

Give 2 Gram+ cocci?

A
  • Staphylococcus

- Streptococcus

64
Q

Give a Gram+ bacilli

A

Clostridium

65
Q

Give a Gram- cocci

A

Neisseria

66
Q

Give 7 Gram- bacilli

A
  • Escherinchia
  • Salmonella
  • Helicobacter
  • Pseudomonas
  • Legionella
  • Bacteriodes
67
Q

What is the problem with spore forming groups of organisms?

A

They are difficult to eliminate with disinfection, because can withstand boiling

68
Q

What are the major groups of prokaryotes?

A
  • Bacteria

- Archaea

69
Q

What are the features of prokaryotes?

A
  • No membrane-bound organelles
  • 1 chromosome
  • No introns
  • Coupled transcription/translation
  • Very labile mRNA
70
Q

What ribosomes to prokaryotes have?

A

70s (30s+50s)

71
Q

What do all bacteria have?

A

Peptidoglycan cell wall

72
Q

What prokaryotes don’t have peptidoglycan cell walls?

A

Mycoplasms

73
Q

What are the major groups of eukaryotes?

A

NAME?

74
Q

What are the important features of eukaryotes?

A
  • Membrane-bound organelles
  • Many chromosomes
  • Introns
  • Compartmentalised transcription/translation
  • Stabile and labile mRNA
75
Q

What ribosomes do eukaryotes have?

A

80s (40s+60s)

76
Q

Do eukaryotes have peptidoglycan cell walls?

A

No

77
Q

What is infection?

A

The establishment of an organism on/in a hist associated with its multiplication and damage or dysfunction of host, specifically related to that microorganism or its product

78
Q

What causes infection?

A

Pathogenic microbes;

  • Viruses
  • Prions
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Protozoa
  • Fungi
  • Helminths
79
Q

Why do particular individuals get particular infections?

A
  • Encounter
  • Virulence vs. host resistance
  • Innate and adaptive immunity
80
Q

What influences the outcome of an infection?

A
  • Encounter dose and route
  • Virulence and host resistance
  • Innate and adaptive immunity
  • Timely diagnosis and treatment

Z OLD Tissues of the Body (19 decks)

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