Lecture 27 Flashcards Preview

BMS237 - Advanced Developmental Biology > Lecture 27 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Lecture 27 Deck (19)
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1
Q

What structure do cells at the periphery of the mammalian blastocyst form and from what fate is this

A

Cells on the outer periphery of a human/mammal embryo assume a different fate; the trophectoderm that forms the placenta

2
Q

What is the name given to the cells that occupy the inside of the trophoblast

A

Inner cell mass

3
Q

What is the significance of the cells inside the trophoblast not occupying the full space

A

The cells of the inner cell mass cluster at one side, the cells closest to the trophectoderm will give rise to the epiblast whereas the cells furthest from the trophectoderm will give rise to the hypoblast

4
Q

From which region of the human embryo are human ES cells found

A

Inner cell mass

5
Q

Define a stem cell

A

A cell capable of endless self-renewal and can give rise to a daughter that can give rise to several lineages

6
Q

How is a progenitor cell different to a stem cell

A

A progenitor cell is only capable of limited self-renewal as well as limited differentiation propensities

7
Q

What are the names given to the stem cells found in the mature tissues

A

Adult stem cells or tissue specific stem cells

8
Q

As development proceeds, most somatic cells become differentiated and not mitotic, T or F

A

T

9
Q

Describe the potency of adult stem cells

A

Multipotent or pluripotent

10
Q

What is meant by cellular homeostasis

A

Cellular homeostasis is the constant or periodic generation of new cells to replace old, damaged, and dying cells, or the addition of new cells as needed.

11
Q

Give an example of where cellular homeostasis changes during life

A

Pregnant females produce more red blood cells. RBCs are made continuously through life from haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Haematopoietic stem cells respond to increased levels of oestrogen found in pregnant females, to become hyper-activated and make many more daughter cells

12
Q

Adult regeneration/repair that occurs routinely in these tissues occurs via a very different mechanism to how they were first generated in the embryo, T or F

A

F - adult tissue regeneration/repair mirrors the way the cells form in the embryo

13
Q

What is meant by the niche in which tissue specific stem cells reside

A

complex microenvironments around the stem cells, made up of many cells, that interact with the environment and the stem cell to decide whether to activate it

14
Q

Haematopoietic stem cells give rise to all the blood cell types, what two classes of blood cells are these

A

Myeloid cells – monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and erythrocytes as well as megakaryocytes/platelets and dendritic cells. Lymphoid cells – T, B and NK Cells

15
Q

Other than in the bone marrow, where else are HSCs found

A

Umbilical cord and placental tissue

16
Q

Stem cells respond to physiological signals, T or F

A

T

17
Q

What can the factors released by the adjacent cells of the HSC niche act to achieve

A

Regulate stem cell activity and the decision as to whether to remain quiescent, or become active. They can also trigger division to give another HSC or a daughter that will differentiate

18
Q

In which three regions are neural stem cells found

A

Subventricular zone lining the lateral ventricles, the subgranular zone and in the hypothalamus lining the 3rd ventricle

19
Q

What is the other name of neural stem cells

A

Neural precursor cells