Describe basal ganglia
- INHIBITON AND FACILIATION
–> inhibiting involutnary movement at rest
–> releasing or disinhibiting voluntary movements
–> accelerating voluntary movements
–> stopping volitional movements upon completion
Start…. keep going…. stop
define chorea
- Dance like movements, jerky movements
dystonia
- spastic contraction of muscles
blepospasm
- involuntary blinking of eyes
- holding them shut
aphetosis
- snake like movements of upper extremities (especially digits)
hemiblallsim
- subthalamic nucleus lesion
- involuntary on one side of body (flinging, kind of violent)
Parkinson’s characteristics
- tremors, rolling motion (roll thumb between forefinger)
- defecits starting movements and turning
- have a masked face (no expression - lack of facilitation of facial muscles)
- reptilian stare (no blinking or slowed blinking)
what surgical intervention can be used in parkinson’s syndrome
- removal of pallidum allowing for easiler facilitaiton of movements
describe cerebellum
- PRECISION
- Integration of equilibrium and locomotion
- integration of head and eye movements (MLF)
- coordinating voluntary movements
–> comparing cortical input with motor output (corticopontocerebellar pathway)
–> providing feedback for ongoing movements (dentorubrothalmic pathway)
–> making adjustments to ongoing movements (vestibulospinal, rubrospinal pathways)
–> ensuring accurate targeting
make precise…. on tine…. on target
dysmetria
- abnormal trajectory
- midline or hemispheric
tandem walking
- heel to toe walking
- lesion to the midline of cerebellum (axial musculature) they have equal amount of chance to fall to either side; just affects stability
- lesion in the hemisphere will result in falling to SIDE OF LESION (right lesion - falls to the right)
finger to nose test
- shows dysmetria on the IPSILATERAL side of the lesion
anterior inferior cerebellar
- gives off branches to caudal pons, rostral medulla
posterior inferior cerebellar
- gives off branches to the lateral surface of medulla
superior cerebellar artery
- runs over and gives off branches to the midbrain and maybe some to tectum
SCA syndrome
- results in IPSILATERAL dysmetria, limb ataxia
- contralteral pain and temp loss
- contralteral superior oblique paralysis
Ipsilateral hornor’s syndrome
–> drooping of upper lide, constricted pupils, flushed, dry face
describe limbic system
- Hippocampus = MEMORY
–> short term memory
–> consolidation into long term memory
- Amygdala = fear
–> basic drives (fear, rage, sexual arousal)
–> organizing behavior appropriate to drives
lesion in uncus hippocampus amygdala
- foul but unidentifiable odor accompanied by strong feelings of deja vu
- sweats profusely, his heart races and he gets dry mouth and upset stomach
- violence