Module 1: Problem Set

Question 1

1. There six levels of organization of the body- what are they?

Answer 1

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organism level.

Question 2

2. The necessary life function that protects our internal environment from our external environment is provided by what system?

Answer 2

Integumentary

Question 3

3. The function of movement is provided by what system?

Answer 3

muscular

Question 4

4. The function of responsiveness is provided by what system?

Answer 4

Nervous

Question 5

5. The function of digestion is provided by what system?

Answer 5

Digestive

Question 6

6. What is anabolism?

Answer 6

making more complex cellular structures from simpler ones

Question 7

7. What is catabolism?

Answer 7

Break down of complex cellular structures into simpler ones

Question 8

8. Excretion involves what systems?

Answer 8

digestive, respiratory and urinary

Question 9

9. The reproductive system is controlled by what other system?

Answer 9

the endocrine system

Question 10

10. Which tissue covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body.

Answer 10

Epithelium

Question 11

11. Name the three steps in cellular respiration.

Answer 11

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron transport system

Question 12

12. What is the purpose of ATP?

Answer 12

ATP is a very energy rich molecule the powers the cellular activities allowing cells to have the energy needed to carry out their functions.

Question 13

13. Epithelial cells perform what types of functions?

Answer 13

The cells that make up epithelial tissue are specialized for tasks such as secretion and absorption. These cells are under constant cell division to replace dead cells that shed away.

Question 14

14. What are the four basic tissue types?

Answer 14

The four basic tissue types in the human body are epithelium, muscle, connective and nervous tissue, each of which is made up of specific cell types that perform specific functions.

Question 15

15. Review the figures in this lecture to recognize the major body systems.

Answer 15

1. Muscular
2. Skeletal
3. Respiratory
4. Cardiovascular
5. Nervous
6. Lymphatic
7. Endocrine
8. Reproductive
9. Urinary
10. Digestive
11. Integumentary

Question 16

16. Toward or at the body surface is known as what direction?

Answer 16

superficial

Question 17

17. Away from the body surface is what direction?

Answer 17

deep

Question 18

18. Between a more medial and more lateral structure is what orientation?

Answer 18

intermediate

Question 19

19. Toward or at the midline of the body or on the inner side of is what direction?

Answer 19

medial

Question 20

20. Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure of the body, is what direction?

Answer 20

inferior

Question 21

21. Toward the head end or upper part of a structure (above) is what direction?

Answer 21

superior

Question 22

22. Toward or at the front of the body is what direction?

Answer 22

ventral (anterior)

Question 23

23. Is the knee proximal or distal to the pelvis?

Answer 23

distal

Question 24

24. Is the elbow proximal or distal to the hand?

Answer 24

proximal

Question 25

25. Toward or at the back of the body is what direction?

Answer 25

Dorsal (posterior)

Question 26

26. Closing of a joint is which action?

Answer 26

Flexion

Question 27

27. Opening of a joint is which action?

Answer 27

Extension

Question 28

28. In anatomical position are the hands in pronation or supination?

Answer 28

Supination

Question 29

29. Why, when in the anatomical position, are the the hands positioned the way they are?

Answer 29

Because the bones of the forearm (radius/ulna) are uncrossed in the supinated position

Question 30

30. Define elevation and depression:

Answer 30

Elevation- upward movement of a structure Depression- downward movement of a structure

Question 31

31. Define retraction and protraction:

Answer 31

Protraction- movement in the anterior direction Retraction- movement in the posterior direction

Question 32

32. Look at the figure below of the right elbow. What is the demonstrated action (in the direction of the arrow)?

Answer 32

Elbow Extension

Question 33

33. Look at the figure below of the right hand. A person standing in anatomical position moves their right wrist laterally towards the radius. What is this action called (towards label A)?

Answer 33

Radial Deviation

Question 34

34. This body division includes the head neck and trunk?

Answer 34

Axial division

Question 35

35. This is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

Answer 35

Sagittal

Question 36

36. These planes lie vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts

Answer 36

Frontal

Question 37

37. A transverse plane divides the body into these two parts:

Answer 37

Superior and Inferior

Question 38

38. These cuts/sections are made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes.

Answer 38

Oblique

Question 39

39. This body cavity protects the nervous system.

Answer 39

Dorsal body cavity

Question 40

40. This body cavity encases the brain.

Answer 40

Cranial

Question 41

41. This cavity encloses the spinal cord.

Answer 41

Spinal

Question 42

42. The frontal plane is also known as the plane.

Answer 42

Coronal

Question 43

43. The ventral body cavity is divided into these two cavities:

Answer 43

Thoracic and abdominopelvic

Question 44

44. This cavity encloses the heart:

Answer 44

pericardial

Question 45

45. The outer surfaces of the organs and body cavities are covered by this double layered membrane called the

Answer 45

Serosa

Question 46

46. What is pleurisy?

Answer 46

Inflammation of the pleurae.

Question 47

47. The abdominopelvic region is divided into what four quadrants?

Answer 47

Right upper, Left upper, Right lower and Left lower.

Question 48

48. This region surrounds the naval

Answer 48

Umbilical

Question 49

49. This region houses the pelvis.

Answer 49

Iliac

Question 50

50. This cavity houses the teeth and tongue.

Answer 50

Oral

Question 51

51. This cavity houses the eyes.

Answer 51

Orbital

Question 52

52. Joints are lined with what?

Answer 52

Synovial fluid

Question 53

53. This cavity contains the tiny ear bones, name them.

Answer 53

Middle ear: malleus, incus, stapes

Question 54

54. Explain why active metabolizing cells need to be relatively small.

Answer 54

Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell expands the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume its surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster. Metabolic processes such as transportation of wastes across the membrane and diffusion can all occur at a faster rate.

Question 55

55. Explain the three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Answer 55

1) Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells. Most are between 1-10 μm (micrometers) in size (about 1/30,000 of an inch); therefore, they are just visible with the light microscope. 2) The DNA of a prokaryotic cell is not enclosed in a nuclear membrane (prokaryotic means “before the nucleus”). 3) Prokaryotic cells do not contain many of the internal membrane-bounded organelles of eukaryotic cells.

Question 56

56. Explain the function of each of the following in the cell: a. nucleus b. ribosomes c. smooth ER d. rough ER e. RNA f. endospore g. Golgi complex h. lysosome i. mitochondria j. plasma membrane k. microtubules and microfilaments l. extracellular matrix

Answer 56

56. ***Nucleus*** - contains DNA and serves as the control center of the cell. ***Ribosomes*** - tiny manufacturing plants that assemble proteins. ***Smooth ER*** -synthesizes lipids. ***Rough ER*** - modifies and transports proteins derived from the ribosomes that are found along its surface. ***RNA*** - take the coded amino acid sequence from nucleus to ribosome for protein synthesis. ***Endospore*** -dormant, extremely durable cell produced by the bacteria clostridium botulinum which can lead to botulism. ***Golgi complex*** - responsible for receiving lipids and proteins synthesized by the endoplasmic reticulum, altering their structures and shipping them to other parts of the cell. ***Lysosome*** - possess digestive enzymes which break down biomacromolecules. ***Mitochondria*** - convert the chemical energy found in food into ATP. ***Plasma membrane*** - contains specialized “pumps” and “gates” that regulate the passage of materials into and out of the cell. In prokaryotic cells the membrane folds inward to provide a place for reactions to take place. ***Microtubules*** are hollow and anchored to the MTOC; ***Microfilaments*** are solid and create movement. ***Extracellular Matrix*** contains collagen fibers, found in human/animal cells.

Question 57

57. Describe aerobic respiration and the purpose of ATP production.

Answer 57

Eukaryotic cells require mitochondria to convert the chemical energy found in food (glucose) into ATP. This process is called aerobic respiration. During cellular respiration oxygen is required to break down food. Carbon dioxide, water and ATP are produced.

Question 58

58. Explain what happens in Tay-Sachs disease.

Answer 58

One of the normally present digestive enzymes inside lysosomes is lacking. Thus, a toxic lipid in the brain cells cannot be broken down. The resulting buildup of lipids in these cells can cause intellectual disability and death.

Question 59

59. Label all structures inside a cell (See figure in module)

Answer 59

Question 60

60. A phospholipid molecule, which is the major constituent of membranes, is said to be amphipathic because it contains polar and non-polar groups in the same molecule. On a scrap sheet of paper, draw the diagram normally used to illustrate an amphipathic phospholipid and name the functional group that makes up each part of the molecule. Compare your drawing to the answer key.

Answer 60

Question 61

61. Define the following terms: a. eukaryotic cells/prokaryotic cells b. membranes c. diffusion d. active transport e. endocytosis f. proteins g. isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic h. cholesterol

Answer 61

***a.*** eukaryotic cells/prokaryotic cells - recognize the three main differences between them (size, organelles and membranes). ***b.*** membranes - know their detailed structure (including hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of proteins, phospholipids and cholesterol). Understand the importance of membranes in being able to separate or confine molecules. Know what is “fluid” about a membrane. ***c.*** diffusion - know the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion and know which molecules use each type and why. ***d.*** active transport - know how this process relates to the concentration gradient and that it requires additional energy. ***e.*** endocytosis – understand the three types of endocytosis (also in the figure). Know how to describe which types of molecules use this method. ***f.*** proteins - know how proteins are used in diffusion, active transport, and the extracellular matrix. ***g.*** isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic-know the difference in these terms and how a cell would react in different solutions (see examples in text). Remember that these terms refer to the amount of solute in an aqueous solution. Water moves into an area of high solute concentration. ***h***. cholesterol- describe how it helps to stabilize the cell membrane.

Question 62

62. Be able to label a diagram of the cell membrane.

Answer 62

Question 63

62. Be able to label a diagram of the cell membrane.

Answer 63