Module 2

Question 0

What are behavioral aspects?

Answer 0

How we learn and adopt to movement.

Question 1

What is motor control?

Answer 1

An area of study dealing with the understanding of the neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movement.

Question 2

What are the motor control stages?

Answer 2

Stimulus, identification, response selection, response programming, movement output.

Question 3

What are the two different types of motor programming?

Answer 3

Open-loop motor control theory

Closed-loop motor control theory

Question 4

What is open-loop motor control theory?

Answer 4

Absence of peripheral feedback.

Usually movement or action does not have time for feedback

Question 5

What is closed-loop motor control theory?

Answer 5

Feedback-based motor control

Question 6

Who invented the reflex theory?

Answer 6

Neurophysiologist Sir Charles Sherrington

Question 7

What is the Reflex Theory?

Answer 7

It is a stimulus-response sequence or we move as a response to a stimulus.

Question 8

What are the three limitations for the Reflex Theory?

Answer 8

It doesn’t consider voluntary movements
Some movements happen way too fast for feedback.
It doesn’t consider the variability of the responses to the stimuli (if it’s truly a reflex there would only be one response).

Question 9

Who invented the Hierarchical Theory?

Answer 9

Hughlings Jackson- English neurologist studying epilepsy and speech disorders.

Question 10

What is Hierarchical Theory?

Answer 10

A top-down CNS progression with three primary levels.

Question 11

What are the three levels of the Hierarchical Theory?

Answer 11

High: cerebrum-brain, higher processing
Middle: cerebellum-sensory motor, motor planning, basal ganglia
Low: reflexes

Question 12

Who invented the System Theory?

Answer 12

Russian Neurophysiologist Nikolai Bernstein

Question 13

What is the System Theory?

Answer 13

Distributed model of control with degrees of freedom.
You don’t always have one section at a time. The brain works together in all levels. Our brain is dynamic and adaptable. Our brain has different ways to adapt to different situations.

Question 14

What is motor learning?

Answer 14

A set of internal processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for skilled behavior.

Question 15

What is motor learning dependent on?

Answer 15

Patient familiarity and past experience with the task.

Question 16

What is saving?

Answer 16

measuring the ability of a person to learn something and the ability to learn things faster the second time.

Question 17

What are the motor learning stages?

Answer 17

Cognitive-what to do
Associative-how to do
Autonomous-how to succeed

Question 18

What is closed-loop motor learning theory?

Answer 18

Closed-loop system using perceptual trace and reference for correctness

Question 19

What is Schema motor learning theory?

Answer 19

Slow movements are feedback-based

Fast movements are program-based

Question 20

What are the two different types of motor function recovery?

Answer 20

Spontaneous recovery

Function-induced recovery

Question 21

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 21

Diaschisis- temporary change to the brain that tends to resolve over time (3-4 weeks)

Question 22

What is function-induced recovery?

Answer 22

Vicariance
Redundancy
Functional re-organization/substitution

Question 23

What is vicariance?

Answer 23

learning programs are not just in one place. If one program is under-utilized before, it can take over for the injured more utilized area.

Question 24

What is redundancy?

Answer 24

We have parallel systems in the brain. We have a backup system if the primary area becomes injured.

Question 25

What is functional re-organization/substitution?

Answer 25

Areas in the brain that didn't have anything to do with movement or action before can learn how to make the movement after the primary area is damaged.

Question 26

Who invented the Schema motor learning theory?

Answer 26

Richard Schmidt

Question 27

What is the clinical sequencing order?

Answer 27

Mobility Stability Controlled mobility Skill

Question 28

What are clinical measurements?

Answer 28

Performance Retention and retention interval Generalizability Resistance to contextual change

Question 29

What is the clinical measurement "performance?"

Answer 29

Accuracy, repeatability, time, and benchmarks

Question 30

What is the clinical measurement "retention and retention interval?"

Answer 30

Interval of time while they are not practicing. Short retention-minutes Long retention-hours or days

Question 31

What is the clinical measurement "generalizability?"

Answer 31

Being able to move a task to a different situation or location

Question 32

What is the clinical measurement "resistance to contextual change?"

Answer 32

If you are put in a different situation does it throw you off. The inability to adapt.

Question 33

What are the three clinical intervention philosophies?

Answer 33

Compensatory training Neuromotor development training Task-specific training

Question 34

What is compensatory training?

Answer 34

Teach the individual to compensate for the weakness with what they have.

Question 35

What is neuromotor development training?

Answer 35

Neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT)- looking at normal movement and applying normal movement with hands on training to patients whose movements are not normal. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) - 3 plane movement. Rotational movement so many systems work at once and stimulate more areas.

Question 36

What is task-specific training?

Answer 36

Motor learning/task-oriented learning- make specific movements more normal.

Question 37

What are the steps to strategy development?

Answer 37

Guidance-hands on assistance to do tasks Active decision making-need to be more cognitively involved Strategy refinement

Question 38

What are the two types of feedbacks?

Answer 38

Intrinsic and extrinsic

Question 39

What is intrinsic feedback?

Answer 39

Nerves, audible, fatigue, balance

Question 40

What is extrinsic feedback?

Answer 40

Augmented: Knowledge of results (KR)-measurable results of something you tested (quantity) Knowledge of performance (KP)- how well a task was performed (quality)

Question 41

What are the different types of feedback schedules?

Answer 41

Summed feedback Faded feedback Bandwidth feedback Delayed feedback

Question 42

What is summed feedback?

Answer 42

Given at specific intervals (ex- after every other trial)

Question 43

What is faded feedback?

Answer 43

Feedback that is given less as progress is made

Question 44

What is bandwidth feedback?

Answer 44

Feedback given in a certain range: either good or bad. (Ex. Outside given error range)

Question 45

What is delayed feedback?

Answer 45

Feedback given after a 3-seconds delay.

Question 46

What are the different types of practice types?

Answer 46

``` Massed vs. distributed practice Blocked vs. random practice Practice order: blocked, serial, random Mental practice/motor imagery Part vs. whole task practice Transference of learning Closed vs. open environments ```

Question 47

What is transference of learning?

Answer 47

Being able to take a task and put it in another situation or making it more difficult.