Neuroanatomy

Question 1

What are the hump and bumps called?

Answer 1

Bump is called gyri (singular:gyrus)

Inside is called sulci (singular:sulcus)

Question 2

Describing coordination of the brain

Answer 2

Superior is the top = dorsal
Inferior is the bottom = ventral
Anterior is the front = rostral
Posterior is the back = caudal

Question 3

What is the grey matter?

Answer 3

Neuronal cell bodies

Question 4

What is the white matter?

Answer 4

Neuronal cell fibres in particular the myelin sheath

Question 5

Different ways to cut the brain

Answer 5

Axial = horizontal
Coronal = cutting between front and back
Saggital = cutting between the two different hemispheres

Question 6

Where are the ventricles located?

Answer 6

In the cerebral hemisphere and third ventricle is located in the thalamus

Question 7

Function of the ventricles

Answer 7

Interconnected sacs filled with cerebral spinal fluid

• Protective and acts as shock absorber
• Provides chemical stability
• Contains nutrients

Question 8

The two systems in the brain

Answer 8

Vascular system
- Blood supply in order to deliver O2 and nutrients as well as to remove CO2 and waste
Lymphatic system
- Very small

Question 9

What are the four main regions of the CNS

Answer 9

• Forebrain
• Brainstem
• Cerebellum
• Spinal cord

Question 10

What makes up the forebrain

Answer 10

Cortex, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, corpus callosum, hippocampus, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus

Question 11

What is the cortex?

Answer 11

Outer layer of the brain

Question 12

What is the occipital lobe?

Answer 12

Responsible for visual processing e.g. colour, orientation and motion

Question 13

What disease affects occipital lobe?

Answer 13

Schizophrenia which results in hallucination due to too much activity in this region

Question 14

What is the parietal lobe?

Answer 14

Responsible for sensory processing and proprioception causing awareness of your limbs, space and location

Question 15

What disease affects parietal lobe?

Answer 15

• Alzheimer’s disease

- Struggle with locating themself in space and movement

Question 16

What is the frontal lobe?

Answer 16

Responsible for personality traits

- Emotions, consciousness, deliberate movement, attention and decision making

Question 17

What disease affects frontal lobe?

Answer 17

• Personality disorders and cognitive disorders
• Prefrontal lobotomy is when you cut off the front of the brain
• Results in impaired voluntary behaviour

Question 18

What is the temporal lobe?

Answer 18

Responsible for language and speech, auditory processing

Question 19

What disease affects temporal lobe?

Answer 19

• Autism
  Compromised temporal lobe impairing verbal communication
• Stroke in language region
  Results in not being able to recognise particular words or being able to say particular words

Question 20

What is corpus callosum?

Answer 20

• Connects right and left hemispheres

- Comprised of neuron fibres allowing information to be passed between them

Question 21

What does the left side of the brain control?

Answer 21

Language

Question 22

What does the right side of the brain control?

Answer 22

Facial recognition

Question 23

What is the hippocampus?`

Answer 23

• Responsible for memory formation and memory retrieval

Question 24

What disease affects the hippocampus?

Answer 24

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 25

What is the basal ganglia?

Answer 25

Responsible for movement, balance and posture

Question 26

What disease affects the basal ganglia?

Answer 26

Parkington's disease - Neurodegenerative disease - Caused by reduced dopaminergic function Huntingdon's chorea - Genetic disorder - Enlarged ventricles cause damage to basal ganglia as they are located near each other

Question 27

What is the thalamus?

Answer 27

- Consist of over 40 different nuclei - Most of the incoming information the the brain gets sent here to be decided where to go next - Forming information streams

Question 28

What disease affects the thalamus?

Answer 28

Stroke causing thalamic damage - Results in blending of information streams Synasthesia is when people report hearing colours or feeling sounds

Question 29

What is the hypothalamus?

Answer 29

- Temperature regulation | - Hunger/thirst

Question 30

What disease affects hypothalamus?

Answer 30

- Depression | - Bipolar disorder

Question 31

Effect of antidepressants on hypothalamus?

Answer 31

Lowers its activity

Question 32

What makes up the brainstem

Answer 32

Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

Question 33

Functions of the brainstem

Answer 33

- Controls homeostasis of breathing, heart rate and blood pressure - Controls motor movement of limbs and face - Reflexes

Question 34

What is brain stem dead?

Answer 34

- Dysfunction of the brainstem | - Patient can be kept alive manually with artificial pumping of the heart

Question 35

What is locked in syndrome?

Answer 35

- Loss of blood circulation to pons | - When you can't move

Question 36

What is the cerebellum?

Answer 36

Cauliflower like structure - Movement precision and coordination - Contains more neurons than rest of the brain combined

Question 37

What is the spinal cord

Answer 37

- Transmits signals from/to the brain/body - Includes some reflexive circuits - Extends to about 45cm