Neurophysiology of Higher Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition requires extensive synaptic interactions between what?

A

pyramidal cells of all neocortical areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the levels of language?

A
  1. language conceptual system 2. Language mediational system 3. Language Implementation System 4. Spoken language
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what acts as a relay from the conceptual system to the language implementation system?

A

the language mediational system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what provides the concepts underlying our language. For example, the noun mediation area receives input from the ventral visual pathway and provides us with the names of things?

A

the conceptual system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What ages recognize all sounds that might be language?

A

babies younger than 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

when do babies start to have a brain change and they start to recognize the specific language sounds of their native language. Babies drop the use of phenomes that don’t occur in their language

A

between 6-9 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where is a new language coded for in adults?

A

areas adjacent to broca’s area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is social cognition divided into?

A

emotion comprehension and theory of mind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is emotion comprehension responsible for?

A

recognizing my own emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the first step in emotion comprehension?

A

perception of facial expressions requires that we identify a face as something special

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the area in the brain that is responsible for storing faces?

A

the fusiform face area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the second step in emotion comprehension?

A

bring in the emotional component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what anatomical substrates bring in the emotional component in emotion comprehension?

A

the amygdala, the prefrontal cortex, and the anterior cingulate cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the facial details that cue us as to what emotion we are seeing in another person are concentrated how?

A

in a triangle containing the eyes, nose, and mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is responsible for controlling the use of the eyes and directs the gaze to that triangle when looking at human faces?

A

the amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

an individual with damage to the amygdala would have difficulty doing what?

A

looking at that triangle of emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

when do mirror neurons fire?

A

when you do something and when you see someone else do that same action

18
Q

what areas are necessary to imitate other people’s motions?

A

the ventral visual system, the posterior mirror neuron system, and the anterior mirror neuron system

19
Q

what is the ventral visual system’s (the posterior sector of the superior temporal sulcus) role in imitating other’s motions?

A

it provides the visual input

20
Q

what is the posterior mirror neuron’s role in imitating other’s motions?

A

it identifies the motor action

21
Q

what is the anterior mirror neuron’s role in imitating other’s motions?

A

it identifies the goal of the action

22
Q

the circuit for imitating is believed to interact with limbic structures via what?

A

the insula

23
Q

what is prosody?

A

tune and rhythm of speech

24
Q

what is the first step in the perception of prosody?

A

the primary auditory cortex is required for the basics of sound processing

25
Q

what is the second step in the perception of prosody?

A

the information from the primary auditory cortex is sent to the right posterior superior temporal sulcus

26
Q

what occurs in the right posterior superior temporal sulcus?

A

we begin to piece together the meaning of the loudness and pitch

27
Q

what is the third step in perception of prosody?

A

the information from the right posterior superior temporal sulcus is then sent to the frontal cortex

28
Q

what occurs in the frontal cortex during perception of prosody?

A

the judgement of the emotional stimulus is determined

29
Q

what does the core pathway of theory of mind require?

A

the amygdala, the medial temporal lobes, and the orbitofrontal areas

30
Q

what serves as the scaffold of theory of mind and is considered an accessory pathway?

A

language

31
Q

when we talk about decision making, there are three general areas that are involved. What are they?

A

stimulus encoding area, action selection area, and the expected award system

32
Q

what anatomical structures are involved in the stimulus encoding system?

A

orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and the striatum

33
Q

what is the purpose for the stimulus encoding system?

A

it evaluates the evidence available in making the decision - “i can’t buy this i dont have the money

34
Q

what anatomical structures are involved in the action selection system?

A

the anterior cingulate cortex

35
Q

what is the role of the action selection system?

A

it learns and encodes the subjective value of the results- “was this good or bad” it also is involved in error detection

36
Q

what anatomical structures are involved in the expected reward system?

A

basal ganglia, amygdala, insular cortex, intraparietal cortex

37
Q

what is the role of the expected reward system?

A

it predicts the expected reward “im going to buy this because it will make me happy”

38
Q

what system is involved with decisions with known risks?

A

stimulus encoding system

39
Q

what system is involved with decisions with ambiguous risks?

A

the expected award system and the action selection system

40
Q

what system is responsible for predicting the consequences of actions?

A

the stimulus encoding system

41
Q

what system asks “what are the rewards?”

A

the expected award system

42
Q

what system is responsible for learning from mistakes and encodes the results?

A

the action selection system