Flashcards in Organization of the Nervous System Deck (80):
1
Consists of the brain and spinal cord
Integration and correlation center of nervous information
Central Nervous System
2
Consists of the cranial and spinal nerves and their associated ganglia
Conducts info to and from the central nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System
3
Functional units of the nervous tissue
Highly specialized cells that exhibit irritability and conductivity
Neurons
4
Also known as nerve cell body
Contains cytoplasm with a nucleus embedded on it
Perikaryon
5
Elongated processes that receive stimuli from the environment
Diameter tapers as they extend from the cell body
Branch profusely
Dendrites
6
Small projections found in the finer branches of the dendrites
Dendritic spines
7
Single, tubular process that conducts impulses away from the body
Axon
8
More than two processes arising from perikaryon
Neurons of the brain and spinal cord
Multipolar
9
Possess an elongated cell body where a process emerge at each end
Found in retina and vestibular region
Bipolar
10
Has a single process
Found in spinal ganglia, cranial ganglia and posterior root ganglion
Unipolar
11
With many dendrites but no true axon
Regulates electrical changes of adjacent neuron
Do not produce actin potentials
Anaxonic
12
Long axon that may be 1m or more in length
Form the long fiber tracts of the brain and spinal cord
Ex. Pyramidal cell, Purkinje cell, motor cells
Golgi Type I Neurons
13
Have a short axon
Star-shaped appearance
Inhibitory
Numerous in cerebral and cerebellum complex
Golgi Type II Neurons
14
Also called afferent neurons
Receive input from peripheral structures
Transmit sensory info to CNS
Sensory Neurons
15
Efferent neurons
Transmit impulses from CNS to effector organs
Motor Neurons
16
Association Neurons
Connect sensory to motor neurons
90% of neurons in CNS
Interneurons
17
Non-neuronal specialized cels which support the nerve cells of the NS
Non-transmitting
Glial cells
18
A kind of CNS neuroglia
Small cell bodies with branching processes that extend in all directions
Function: formation of blood-brain barrier, structural support
Astrocytes
19
Found mainly in the white matter where their processes pass between the nerve fibers
Fibrous astrocytes
20
Found mainly in the gray matter where their processes pass between the nerve cell bodies
Protoplasmic astrocytes
21
A kind of CNS Neuroglia
Possess cell bodies and few delicate processes
No filaments in their cytoplasm
Found in rows along myelinated nerve fibers
Surround nerve cell bodies
Responsible for the formation of the myelin sheath
Oligodendrocytes
22
Smallest of the CNS neuroglia lol cells
Derived from macrophages
Function: engulfing debris resulting from injury or disease
Microglia
23
A kind of CNS neuroglia
Line the cavities of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord
Assists in the circulation of CSF by movement of the cilia
Ependymal cells
3 groups: ependymocytes, tanycytes, choroid all epithelial cells
24
A kind of PNS Neuroglia
aka capsular cells
Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia
Regulate nutrients and transmitter levels
Satellite cells
25
A kind of PNS neuroglia
Only wraps one axon
Surround axons in PNS
Provide insulation for myelin agin
Schwann cells
26
Point of contact between a neuron and another cell
Site of transmission of nerve impulses
Synapse
27
Involves gap junctions that extend from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron
Bidirectional
Electrical synapse
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Involves neurotransmitters
Chemical synapse
29
Neuron can synapse with the following
Another neuron
Muscle(neuromuscular synapse)
Gland(neuroglandular synapse)
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Group of nerve cell bodies in the CNS
Nucleus
31
Collection of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS
Ganglia
32
Consists of nerve cells embedded in neuroglia
Gray matter
33
Composed of nerve fibers embedded in neuroglia
Color is due to lipid material in the myelin sheaths
White matter
34
Nerve bundle
Fasciculus
35
Large, flattened region of white matter
Capsule
36
Stout bundle of white matter that joins two major parts of the brain
Peduncle
37
Region of the CNS largely occupied by a population of axons that all have the same origin and destination
Tract
38
White matter found interiorly
Gray matter surrounds it
Brain
39
Gray matter found interiorly
White matter surrounds it
Spinal cord
40
Consists of the brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
41
Encloses the brain
Cranium
42
Consists of diencephalon and the cerebrum
Forebrain
43
Almost completely hidden from the surface of the brain
Consists of dorsal thalamus and ventral hypothalamus
Diencephalon
44
Largest part of the brain
Composed of two cerebral hemispheres
Cerebrum
45
Mass of white matter connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum
46
Narrow part of the brain that connects the forebrain to the hindbrain
Midbrain
47
Consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and cerebellum
Hindbrain
48
Conical in shape
Connects the pons superiorly to the spinal cord
Medulla oblongata
49
Situated on the anterior surface of the cerebellum, inferior to the midbrain and superior to the medulla oblongata
Pons
50
Lies within the posterior cranial fossa
Consists of two laterally placed hemispheres
Cerebellum
51
The median portion connecting the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
Vermis
52
Collective term for the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain
Brain stem
53
Outermost sheath of the meninges
Thick, dense and strong inelastic fibrous membrane
Dura mater
54
Layer which contains the subarachnoid cavity which is filled with CSF
Arachnoid mater
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Innermost of the meninges but incomplete membrane
Thin delicate vascular membrane consisting of minute plexus of blood vessels
Pia mater
56
Terminal portion of the spinal cord
Conus medullaris
57
Bundle of spinal nerves in the lumbar area of the spinal cord
Cauda equina
58
Extension of the pia mater which descends into the coccyx
Filum terminals
59
1st cranial nerve associated with smell
Olfactory
60
2nd cranial nerve associated with vision
Optic
61
3rd cranial nerve associated with the eyelid and eyeball movement
Oculomotor
62
4th cranial nerve innervating the superior oblique, turns eyes downward and laterally
Trochlear
63
5th cranial nerve associated with mastication and facial sensation
Trigeminal
64
6th cranial nerve that turns the eye laterally
Abducens
65
7th cranial nerve the controls most facial expressions, secretion of tears and saliva taste
Facial
66
8th cranial nerve associated with hearing, equilibrium and sensation
Vestibulocochlear
67
9th cranial nerve associated with taste, senses, carotid blood pressure
Glossopharyngeal
68
10th cranial nerve that senses aortic blood pressure, slows heart rate and stimulates digestive organs
Vagus
69
11th cranial nerve that controls the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid and swallowing movements
Accessory
70
12th cranial nerve that controls tongue movements
Hypoglossal
71
Sensory cranial nerves
1,2,8
Olfactory, optic and vestibulocochlear
72
Motor cranial nerves
3,4,6,11,12
Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, accessory, hypoglossal
73
Both sensory and motor cranial nerves
5,7,9,10
Trigeminal, facial, Glossopharyngeal, vagus
74
Consists of efferent fibers that carry nerve impulses away from the CNS
Anterior root
75
Afferent fibers that carry nerve impulses to the CNS
Posterior root
76
Swelling on the posterior root where the cell bodies of the spinal nerves are situated
Posterior root ganglion
77
Rest and digest activation
Parasympathetic / Craniosacral division
78
Fight or flight response
Sympathetic / Thoracolumbar division
79
E situations
Exercise
emergency
excitement
embarrassment
80