other 2

Question 1

Apneustic center - location and function

Answer 1

lower pon

stimulate inspiration, producing deep and prolonged inspiratory gasp (apneusis)

Question 2

Pneumontaxic center - location and function

Answer 2

upper pons

inhibits inspiration –> regulates insiratory volume and respiratory rate

Question 3

Beside chemoreceptros and central control, other types of receptors that control breathing

Answer 3

1. Lung stretch receptor
2. irritant receptors
3. J (juxtacapillary receprors)
4. Joint and muscles receptors

Question 4

control breathing - Lung stretch receptor

Answer 4

when Lung strectch receptors (on SMC of the airways) are stimulated by distention –> decresea in RR (Hering-Breuer reflux)

Question 5

Hering-Breuer reflux?

Answer 5

when Lung strectch receptors (on SMC of the airways) are stimulated by distention –> decresea in RR

Question 6

control breathing - irritant receptors

Answer 6

located vetweein airway epithelial cells –> stimulated by noxious substance (eg. dust and polle)

Question 7

control breathing - J (juxtacapillary receprors)

Answer 7

located in alveolar walls (close to capillaries)

engorgement of pulmon capillaries (eg. LHF) –> stimulates J receptos –> rapid, shallow breathing

Question 8

control breathing - Joint and muscles receptors

Answer 8

movement of limbs –> activation –> early stimulation of breathing during exercise

Question 9

mesothelioma - histology

Answer 9

papillary bodies

carletin and cytokeratin (+)

Question 10

structrures that perforate diaphragm

Answer 10

IVC at T8
esophagus + vagus at T10
azygus, aorta, thoracic duct at T12

Question 11

Sarcoidosis - steps

Answer 11

1. bilateral hilar lymphadeopathy
2. bilateral hilar lymphadeopathy with pulmonary inflitrates (esp upper)
3. disappearance of hilar lymphadeonpathy
4. lung fibrosis

Question 12

alpha 1 antitrypsin - diagnosis / age of live disease / age of lung disease

Answer 12

diagnosis: measurement of serum ATT level –> followed by confirmatory genetic test
age of liver: first 2 decades
age of lung: 51 in nonsmokers, 36 in smokers

Question 13

1. middle meningeal artery is a branch of
2. facial artery is a branch of
3. occipital artery is a branch of
4. opthalmic artery is branch of
5. sphenopalatine artery is a branch of

Answer 13

1. maxillary
2. external carotid
3. facial artery
4. internal carotid
5. maxillary

Question 14

facial artery is branch of

Answer 14

external carotid

Question 15

congenital torticollis

Answer 15

• typically at 2 to 4 weeks of age
• child prefers to hold the head tilted to one side
• due to malposition of the head in utero or birth trauma
• resolve with conservative therapy and stretching exercise
• palpable soft-tissue mass at inferior 1/3 of the affected SCM
• may also have additional musculoskeletal anomalies: hip dysplacia, metatarsus adductis etc

Question 16

septic vs gout according to count of WBCs

Answer 16

gout less than 100 000

spetic more than 100 000

Question 17

Myotonic dystrophy - mode of inheritance
Freidrach ataxia - mode of inheritance
fRAGILE x - mode of inheritance

Answer 17

AD
AR
XD

Question 18

Marple syrop - glucose?

Answer 18

decreased gluconeogenesis