Peer Relations

Question 1

What is a horizontal relationship?

Answer 1

No power differences.

Question 2

By what age do children begin to smile and gesture?

Answer 2

Around 6-12 months.

Question 3

By what age, do children have coordinated interactions with peers?

Answer 3

Around 18-24 months.

Question 4

What kind of interactions occur during the preschool years?

Answer 4

Reciprocal complex peer interaction. Play.

Question 5

What is solitary play? (2)

Answer 5

1. Not engaged with other people. 2. Focused on exploring objects.

Question 6

What age does solitary play occur during?

Answer 6

Around 6 months. Common before 2.5 years.

Question 7

What is parallel play?

Answer 7

Engaged in same activity, but not together.

Question 8

During what ages is parallel play common?

Answer 8

Between 2-4 years old.

Question 9

What is associative play? What is important?

Answer 9

Engaged in similar activity, but not formally structured. Socialization is important.

Question 10

During what ages is associative play common?

Answer 10

Between 3-5 years old.

Question 11

What is cooperative play?

Answer 11

Have common goal. More organized, but not to win.

Question 12

During what ages is cooperative play common?

Answer 12

Common in 4+ year olds.

Question 13

What is competitive play?

Answer 13

Organized, winning is emphasized.

Question 14

During what ages is competitive play common?

Answer 14

Common after 5 years of age.

Question 15

What occurs during the elementary school years? (2)

Answer 15

1. More cooperative; complex play. 2. Emergence of true peer groups.

Question 16

What occurs during adolescence? (4)

Answer 16

1. Sharp increase in time spent with peers. 2. Cliques arise. 3. Crowds arise. 4. Peer influence increases.

Question 17

What are the characteristics of a positive child? (3)

Answer 17

1. Friendly, pro-social. 2. Not aggressive or withdrawn. 3. Can resolve disputes easily.

Question 18

What are the characteristics of a rejected child? (4)

Answer 18

1. Aggressive, disruptive, uncooperative. 2. Overly critical. 3. Anxious, withdrawn. 4. Poor at solving disputes.

Question 19

What are the characteristics of a controversial child? (2)

Answer 19

1. Mixed behaviors. 2. Prosocial, but only towards some.

Question 20

What are the characteristics of a neglected child? (3)

Answer 20

1. Shy, withdrawn. 2. Has interests other than peers. 3. Don’t call attention to themselves.

Question 21

Rejected children are more likely to be what?

Answer 21

More lonely, depressed, and socially anxious.

Question 22

Rejected children are at risk for?

Answer 22

Dropping out, antisocial behaviors, depression.

Question 23

What type of parenting leads to positive peer relations? (2)

Answer 23

1. Secure attachment. 2. Authoritative parenting.

Question 24

Are more attractive children more popular from elementary school on?

Answer 24

Yes.

Question 25

What cognitive skills lead to positive peer relations? (2)

Answer 25

1. Perspective taking skills. 2. Academic competence.

Question 26

Do social skills lead to positive peer relations?

Answer 26

Yes, they are the strongest predictors of peer relations.

Question 27

Is coaching social skills effective in the long-term?

Answer 27

Yes.

Question 28

Do parents who encourage peer relations have children with better social skills?

Answer 28

Yes.

Question 29

When does bullying peak?

Answer 29

In early adolescence.

Question 30

What parenting styles lead to a child who bullies? (3)

Answer 30

1. Rejecting. 2. Overly permissive. 3. Parental depression.

Question 31

Do bullies have low self-esteem?

Answer 31

Not clear.

Question 32

Do victims have low self-esteem?

Answer 32

Yes, they are non-asserting and socially isolated.

Question 33

Do bullies perform well on academics?

Answer 33

No.

Question 34

Do victims perform well on academics?

Answer 34

They are disengaged, less socially adept.