Problem 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Tumor

A

a mass of cells whose growth is uncontrolled and serves no useful function

–> damages by infiltration + compression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Malignant tumor

A

harmful tumor / cancerous

–> no distinct border between mass of tumor cells + surrounding tissue (hard to remove)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Benign tumor

A

harmless tumor / encapsulated

–> distinct border between the mass of tumor cells + surrounding tissue (easy to remove)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Metastases

A

shed cells which then travel through the blood stream

–> serve as seeds for the growth of new tumors in different locations of the body

=> form of malignant tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Glioma

A

Brain tumors that arise from glial cells and infiltrate brain substance

–> originate from transformations of neural stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Seizure

A

period of sudden excessive activity of cerebral neurons

–> nearly all genes that play a role in seizures control ion channels

–> cause damage to the hippocampus due to an excessive loss of glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Convulsion

A

uncontrollable activity of the muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Generalized seizures

A

widespread, involve most of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Absence seizure

Petit mal

A

type of generalized seizure, very brief seizures - hard to detect

ex.: kind das in die ferne starrt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Grand mal

A

type of generalized seizure that occurs in 2 stages

  1. Tonic phase: all muscles contract forcefully which leads to unconsciousness of the person
  2. Clonic phase: muscles begin trembling, jerk convulsively –> after some time they relax
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Partial seizures

A

source of irritation is a specific brain region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Simple partial seizures

A

cause a change in consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Complex partial Seizures

A

cause a loss of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stroke

A

derives from a variety of vascular disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

Cerebral Hemorrhage

A

caused by bleeding within the brain

–> blood seeps in surrounding blood tissue, damaging it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A
  • block a blood vessel and obstruct the blood flow

–> caused by thrombi and emboli

17
Q

Thrombus

A

blood clot that forms in blood vessels

18
Q

Embolus

A

formed in one part of the vascular system,

–> carried through blood stream + passes through too small arteries

=> obstructs blood flow

19
Q

Ischemic Stroke

Process

A
  1. Interruption of the blood supply to a specific brain region leads to a depletion of oxygen and glucose
  2. Sodium potassium pump stops functioning
  3. Neural membranes become depolarized
    - -> excessive release of glutamate
  4. Activation of glutamate receptors leads to
    - -> increase of Na+ ions
    - -> absorption of huge amounts of Ca+

=> presence of Na+ and Ca+ = toxic

  1. Intracellular Na+ causes cell to absorb water (cells swell)
  2. Swell –> activates microglia which become phagocytic (Fresszelle)
  3. microglia destroys injured cells
  4. Damaged mitochondria produces free radicals
20
Q

Penetrating Brain Injury/Open Head Injury

A

Dura mater + skull is breached/injured

21
Q

Closed head injury

A

Skull + dura mater remain intact

22
Q

Coup

A

“Blow”

The injury to the brain that occurs in the area of direct impact

23
Q

Contrecoup

A

“Counterblow”

The pressure of the blow might push the brain against the opposite side, causing an additional bruise

24
Q

Parkinsons disease

A
  • Degenerative disorder

–>deficiency of automatic, habitual responses due to damage to basal ganglia

–> patients have almost no nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons (surviving neurons contain lewy bodies)

25
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s

A
  • resting tremor
  • postural instability
  • muscular rigidity
26
Q

Akinesa

A

difficulty in initiating movement

–> decreased activity of the supplementary Motor area

27
Q

Where do tremors come from ?

A

result from abnormalities in

  • -> pons
  • -> cerebellum
  • -> midbrain
  • -> thalamus
28
Q

Causes of Parkinsons

A

–> mutation of a gene on chromosome 6 that produces a gene called parkin

this mutation permits a high level of defective proteins to accumulate in dopaminergic system + damage its neurons

–> mutation of a gene that produces a-synuclein

this mutation produces a toxic gain of function

29
Q

Parkin

A

gene, transfers defective proteins to proteasomes which in turn destroy these defective proteins

30
Q

Dementia

A

acquired and persistent syndrome of intellectual impairment

31
Q

Cause of Dementia

A

accumulation of defective proteins

ex.: tau proteins, a-synuclein

32
Q

Paralimbic System

A

undergoes most severe changes

–> especially entorhinal cortex which is affected the earliest and most severely

33
Q

Entorhinal cortex

A

Major relay through which information flows from neocortex to hippocampus

  • as neocortex is degenerated, information doesn’t arrive at hippocampus => memory loss
  • part of paralimbic system
34
Q

Regions that are damaged the most as a result from Dementia

A
  • neocortex

- paralimbic system

35
Q

Regions that are spared from dementia

A
  • brainstem
  • cerebellum
  • spinal cord
36
Q

Hemathoma

A

solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues

37
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A
  • thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries
  • occurring typically in old age

–> restricts blood flow to organs and tissues

38
Q

Meningiomas

A

Tumors that grow between the meninges

  • originates mostly in dura mater

–> most benign brain tumor