Black Death-effects:
After the Black Death had run its course, it was estimated that the European population declined by 25-50%. The loss of labor workers caused significant social changes; the rise of women taking on jobs and a need to prioritize children’s education. It caused the Catholic Church to have more morbid sermons and brought on anti-semitism. The reactions to the plague changed how Europe acted socially, politically, and economically for the rest of time.
100 Years War- effects:
The 100 Years War was a prolonged dispute between France and England with new weaponry and deadly battles. During the war, the cost to keep up the army inevitably rose. The King of England, Edward III, relied heavily on taxes for funding. To do this, he had to rely heavily on Parliament support. This balance between parliament and the monarchy is still prominent in England’s political system today.
The Great Schism- effects:
The Great Schism divided the church by having three popes occupy the papacy. It broke up Europe into those who supported Pope Urban, and those who supported Pope Clements. People lost faith in the church because it is meant to be a place of worship not political chaos. The Roman Catholic Church is still criticized for being overtly corrupt. Kickstarted secularism for future issues
Vernacular:
Vernacular is literature written in the common language. Most scriptures were written in Latin or Greek. The development of Italian vernacular allowed those who were not intellectuals to experience and take in new knowledge. It allowed for higher education of most classes. Without these writings, society would not have been able to read essential test that needed to be translated to create a stronger institution. Without Italian vernacular literature, the Renaissance would not have existed.
Renaissance:
The Renaissance was the revival of European art and literature throughout the 14th and 16th centuries. The Italian Renaissance caused the civic humanist movement, which lead to the need to prepare intellectuals to lead practical lives for the state. These social changes were an indirect result of the Black Death. So, the works of the time reflected the human body as being a divine construct. Many famous classics derived from the period.
Hanseatic League:
The Hanseatic League was an economic and military alliance of Northern Europe stretching from the Baltic to the North Sea. The league dominated major trade routes and had ports in numerous cities. It disbanded when the competition was too high and the market declined. The Hanseatic league connected much of Europe.
The Medici family and banking:
The Medici family expanded commerce, real estate, and banking. At it’s peak, it was the strongest bank in Europe. the bank itself had many influences throughout the papacy and Europe. They broke down due to poor leadership and were exiled at the end of the 15th century.
Baldassare Castiglione:
Set certain ideals for the nobles and aristocrats through his book, The Book of the Courtier which became very popular throughout Europe. In his book there were three basic attributes these people would have to adhere by, possessing fundamental native endowments like character and grace. He should also cultivate certain achievements like military and bodily movements, as well as classical education. Lastly, they must follow a certain standard of conduct, like making good impressions while also being modest.
The Renaissance family and women:
The father/husband was the center of the Italian renaissance family handling all legal matters, finances, and crucial decisions. While the wife managed the household, and children were under their fathers authority until their death or emancipation. As for women they were expected to stay home while their primary function was to bear children, but childbirth became a fearful occasion due to the pain of it and its deadliness.
Hierarchical society:
Hierarchical society during the renaissance were categorized in three different classes, first the clergy which were at the very top, the nobles in the middle and lastly just everyone else including peasants and merchants. These ranks decided the amount of power you had and the life you were living. These ranks were decided based on things like gender, education, social class, and race
The decline of serfdom/manorial system:
After the black death, Serfdorm and the manorial system became not as largely done. Due to the striking drop in population there became not as much of a need for the surfs, as well as the peasant population becoming higher and able to revolt back against this system and becoming a surf. Peasants work not able to be free anymore, now that peasant work was more needed, peasants would not do the job without a wage anymore.
Five Major States- basic info:
Dominated the Italian peninsula and were called Milan, Venice, Florence, The Papal States, and Naples. Northern Italy was divided between the duchy of Milan and the republic of Venice. While the The Republic of Florence dominated the region of Tuscany, The Papal States lay in central Italy, and The kingdom of Naples was most of southern Italy and the island of Sicily.
Isabelle d’Este:
One of the most famous renaissance ruling women, daughter of duke Ferrera. Known for her intelligence and political wisdom, she attracted intellectuals to the mantuan court and was responsible for assuming one of Italy’s finest libraries. She effectively ruled Mantua and won a great reputation, as well as writing numerous letters showing her acumen and humor.
Niccolò Machiavelli & modern diplomacy:
Machiavelli entered the service of the Florentine republic in 1498, making numerous diplomatic missions seeing the workings of statescraft first hand. His political activity happened during times of tribulation and devastation for Italy that followed the French invasion, but when French defeat and Spanish victory led to the reestablishment of Medici power in Florence. Machiavelli was exiled and lost all his political power, later writing books about political power. He Wrote the Prince- a book on how to gain and keep power through history and his experiences.
Italian Renaissance Humanism:
Rediscovering lost or ancient texts and philosophies, it is based on the study of Greek and Roman works. Humanism is the main teaching in the current day humanities and it is centered around human potential and values. When this philosophy was introduced, it altered people’s perspectives and influenced art.
Petrarch:
Most commonly known as “The father of Humanism,” he introduced humanism, which shaped Renaissance beliefs and mindsets of human potential. Petrarch started searching for lost works and then translating them into the vernacular before it was a common practice. Humanism is still taught today in school and is embedded in our daily lives.
Bruni
Leonardo Bruni was invested in Cicero’s works and beliefs and wrote a biography about Cicero’s political ideas. He introduced the idea that people had to work actively for their state, and he had extensive knowledge of the Greeks. He was the first known Italian historian.
Lorenzo valla
Lorenzo Valla was a papal secretary who tried to make original Latin more popular than the vernacular. He used critical thinking and analysis to review writing
Pico della Mirandola:
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola was the most prominent Magi of his time, and a Magi is a person who, through extensive spiritual work, has all knowledge of god and truth. He wrote one of the most important literary works from the Renaissance after reading through other philosophers’ work to discover what he called the “universal truths.”
Civic humanism:
Civic humanism is a play on humanism and became closely associated with Florentine pride. It combines the aspects of humanism with urban life, stating that one should grow as a person and use that in serving their state/country.
Impact of printing:
The printing press was one of the most significant inventions of the Renaissance, and was developed by Johannes Gutenberg. The movable type led to cheaper printing, which helped information to be more accessible to everyone from different classes. It also produced standardized knowledge because scholars came together to create books.
Ficino:
During the Italian Renaissance, Ficino translated Plato’s works into Latin, making them accessible to Western Europe. He also led the Platonic Academy in Florence, blending classical Philosophy with Christian beliefs. His ideas revived Neoplatonism, greatly influencing Renaissance art + literature. Bridged ancient art and modern thinking, shaping humanist philosophy.
Guicciardini:
A political thinker/historian known for a realistic approach to history and politics. Wrote History of Italy, critically analyzing political events and human motives. He was a contemporary critic of Machiavelli, offering a pragmatic perspective on power. He laid down the foundation for modern historical writing.
Michelangelo:
Master of sculpture, painting, and architecture, mostly known for Sistine Chapel ceiling and the statue of David. His work during the Renaissance exemplified ideals of human beauty and emotional depth. He pushed artistic boundaries with anatomical precision and powerful figures, shaping Western art for centuries.
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EXPLORATION KEY terms45
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Reformation and Religous Wars39
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Absolutism and Constitutional Government44
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Scientific Rev and Enlightenment Key Terms50
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Politics & War in the 18th Century Key Terms27
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French Revolution and Napoleon Key Terms55
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Renaissance43
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Industrial Revolution43
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2nd IR and Mass Society30
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Age Of Modernity And Anxiety18
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Imperialism PT213
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19th Cent48
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Imperialism Key Terms P319
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Great War and Russian Rev54
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Between the Worlds52
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WW233
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Cold War pt. 137
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Cold War pt. 224
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The Fall and Beyond28
