CMS Advanced Level 2025-2026 > Spain > Flashcards

Spain Flashcards

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1
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A
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2
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3
Q

What significant role did Phoenician ships play in the wine trade of the eastern Mediterranean?

A

They carried grapes from the Middle East to North Africa, Mediterranean islands, and the Iberian peninsula, representing the genetic ancestors of modern varieties of Spain.

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4
Q

What evidence indicates that grape cultivation in Spain predates the Phoenicians?

A

Evidence of primitive grape cultivation reaches thousands of years back in time, with wild grapes preceding mankind in the region.

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5
Q

How did the Romans contribute to winemaking in Spain?

A

They improved on the fragile, large amphorae in use.

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6
Q

What impact did the Moors have on winemaking in Spain?

A

Winemaking remained a secondary pursuit due to their religion forbidding alcohol consumption, but grapegrowing persisted for other uses.

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7
Q

What was the legal status of wine during the Moorish period in Spain?

A

The sale of wine was illegal but often tolerated.

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8
Q

What kind of wines became renowned during the Moorish period despite restrictions?

A

Spanish wine became renowned for its strength and was used as a blending component in wines from France and Italy.

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9
Q

What event in 1492 significantly affected the Spanish wine trade?

A

Christopher Columbus and Spanish explorers opened up new trade opportunities for Spanish wine.

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10
Q

What style of wine was often made to supply Spanish colonies?

A

Heavily made wines in a deliberately rancio style.

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11
Q

What was the first vinous export to North America?

A

Sherry wines.

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12
Q

What law did 17th century Spanish law impose on the colonies regarding wine production?

A

It barred the colonies from producing their own wine.

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13
Q

What major challenges did Spanish wine face in the 19th century?

A

Spain was falling behind in viticultural techniques, and phylloxera and oidium struck French vineyards.

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14
Q

What was the response of French winemakers to the phylloxera crisis?

A

They sought Spanish wine to bridge the gap caused by disease-ridden vineyards.

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15
Q

What significant techniques were introduced to Rioja by Bordeaux-trained winemakers?

A

Barrique aging and estate bottling.

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16
Q

What type of oak did Spanish winemakers use for barrique aging?

A

American oak (Quercus alba).

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17
Q

Name some traditionalist Rioja wineries that started in the latter half of the 19th century.

A
  • López de Heredia
  • CVNE
  • La Rioja Alta
  • Berceo
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18
Q

What sparkling wine method originated in Spain during the 19th century?

A

Champaña, now known as Cava.

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19
Q

What regulatory bodies were established in the 1930s for Spanish wine regions?

A

Consejos Reguladores for Rioja, Jerez, and Málaga.

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20
Q

Who was the dictator of Spain from the late 1930s to 1975, impacting the wine industry?

A

Francisco Franco.

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21
Q

What technological advancements did Miguel Torres bring to Catalonia in the 1960s?

A

Stainless steel and temperature-controlled fermentations.

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22
Q

When were the Denominación de Origen regulations approved for Rioja?

A

In 1970.

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23
Q

What characterized the Spanish wine industry after Franco’s death?

A

A celebration and diversification of unique regional cultures.

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24
Q

What do Denominación de Origen (DO) and Denominación de Origen Calificada (DOCa) represent?

A

The two highest tiers of quality wine in Spain.

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25
What are the two highest tiers of quality wine in Spain?
Denominación de Origen (DO) and Denominación de Origen Calificada (DOCa) ## Footnote Equivalent to the EU's Protected Designation of Origin (DOP) status.
26
When were the first DOs awarded in Spain?
1932 ## Footnote This marks the establishment of the quality wine classification system in Spain.
27
What does VCIG stand for in the context of Spanish wine?
Vinos de Calidad con Indicación Geográfica ## Footnote Once considered a steppingstone to DO, now also considered DOP.
28
What is the lowest level of quality wine in Spain?
Vino de la Tierra (VdIT) ## Footnote Falls within the EU's Protected Geographical Indication (IGP) scheme.
29
What is the significance of DO Pago in Spanish wine classification?
Represents a theoretically superior appellation to basic DO ## Footnote Estates must surpass basic DO requirements, typically through quality measures.
30
What must an estate show to apply for DO Pago status?
International critical praise and a decade's worth of quality production ## Footnote Some young Pagos have expedited this process.
31
Which top quality Spanish appellations show little interest in DO Pago?
Rioja and Ribera del Duero ## Footnote Producers have no incentive to distance themselves from well-known brands.
32
What aging designation requires a minimum of 2 years total and at least 6 months in oak for red wine?
Crianza ## Footnote Aging requirements apply to both red and white wines in Spain.
33
What is the minimum aging requirement for Reserva red wine?
Minimum 3 years total; at least 1 year in oak ## Footnote Specific aging conditions apply to different wine types.
34
What is the aging requirement for Gran Reserva red wine?
Minimum 5 years total; at least 18 months in oak ## Footnote Oak casks must have a maximum capacity of 330 liters.
35
What is the minimum aging requirement for white and rosado wines labeled Crianza?
Minimum 18 months total; at least 6 months in oak ## Footnote This aligns with general aging requirements for DO and DOCa.
36
What aging terminology can DOP wines use?
Noble, Añejo, Viejo ## Footnote Each term has specific aging requirements in casks or bottles.
37
What is the minimum aging period for Noble wines?
Minimum 18 months aging in a cask of less than 600 L or bottle ## Footnote This term reflects a certain quality level in wine aging.
38
What is the minimum aging period for Añejo wines?
Minimum 24 months aging in a cask of less than 600 L or bottle ## Footnote Añejo indicates a higher quality compared to Noble.
39
What characterizes Viejo wines in terms of aging?
Minimum 36 months aging, demonstrates marked oxidative character ## Footnote This term indicates a distinct aging process and flavor profile.
40
What are the three autonomías that comprise North-Central Spain?
Navarra, La Rioja, Aragón ## Footnote These regions are characterized by their unique climate and geography.
41
What mountains shelter North-Central Spain?
Pyrenees Mountains, Cantabrian Mountains ## Footnote These mountains create a rain shadow effect in the region.
42
What river flows through the historic Rioja DOCa?
Ebro River ## Footnote The Ebro River emerges from the eastern Cantabrian Mountains.
43
What is the significance of the year 1991 for Rioja?
It was the year Rioja was designated as Denominación de Origen Calificada ## Footnote This designation is a mark of quality for wine regions in Spain.
44
Who guided viticulture in Rioja during the Middle Ages?
Christian monks ## Footnote They played a crucial role in the development of wine production techniques.
45
Which 13th century clergyman is associated with Rioja wine?
Gonzalo de Berceo ## Footnote He is known for extolling the virtues of Rioja wine in his poetry.
46
What was the first legal recognition of Rioja's identity?
Recognition by the king in 1102 ## Footnote This recognition marked the beginning of Rioja's formal identity as a wine region.
47
How did the style of Rioja wines change in the 19th century?
It shifted under French influence ## Footnote This led to the adoption of aging in American oak barrels.
48
What characteristics define the classic style of Rioja red wines?
Soft, muted red fruit, firm acidity, oak aromas of coconut, vanilla, and cedar ## Footnote These characteristics are a result of traditional aging practices.
49
What is a notable trend in modern Rioja wine production?
Emphasis on French oak, more extraction, and riper, darker fruit ## Footnote This trend contrasts with traditional styles.
50
What are the two styles of white wines produced in Rioja?
Clean, fruity modern style and wood-toned, oxidative, textural style ## Footnote Occasionally, Rioja white wines may also be off-dry.
51
What is the main grape of red Rioja?
Tempranillo ## Footnote Tempranillo is the most planted grape in Spain.
52
Which grapes traditionally blend with Tempranillo in red Rioja?
* Mazuelo (Carignan) * Graciano * Garnacha * Maturana Tinta (authorized in 2007) ## Footnote These four grapes must comprise a minimum of 85% of the red Rioja blend.
53
What is the minimum percentage of primary grapes required for a red Rioja blend if destemmed?
95% ## Footnote This percentage applies when using the traditional blending partners.
54
What is the dominant white grape in Rioja?
Viura (Macabéo) ## Footnote Viura is the primary white grape used in Rioja wines.
55
List other white grapes permitted in Rioja blends.
* Garnacha Blanca * Malvasía Riojano * Maturana Blanca * Chardonnay * Tempranillo Blanco * Sauvignon Blanc * Turruntés * Verdejo ## Footnote These grapes complement the dominant varieties in white wine production.
56
What is the minimum percentage of primary red grapes required in Rosado wines?
25% ## Footnote Rosado wines must include primary red grapes from Rioja.
57
What are the aging requirements for red crianza wines?
Total of two years, with a minimum of one year in oak ## Footnote Aging regulations for red wines in Rioja are strict.
58
How long must red reserva wines be aged?
Three years, including one year in oak ## Footnote Reserva wines have longer aging than crianza.
59
What is the total aging requirement for Gran Reserva red wines?
At least 60 months ## Footnote This includes two years in cask and two years in bottle.
60
What is the size of Rioja casks?
225 liters ## Footnote This is the standard size, known as a barrique.
61
How long must Rioja white wines age to be classified as crianza?
Eighteen months ## Footnote This includes a minimum of six months in cask.
62
What is unique about the aging of reserva white wines in Rioja?
Must remain in oak or bottle for the minimum period of aging ## Footnote Unlike crianza, which can use stainless steel.
63
Name the three climatically distinct subzones of Rioja.
* Rioja Alta * Rioja Alavesa * Rioja Oriental (formerly Rioja Baja) ## Footnote Each region has different climatic conditions affecting the wine.
64
Which subzone of Rioja is the smallest and northernmost?
Rioja Alavesa ## Footnote This area is known for producing vino joven wines.
65
What is the primary characteristic of wines produced in Rioja Oriental?
Hot climate favorable for Garnacha ## Footnote This subregion has alluvial soils and ferrous clay.
66
What is the benefit of sourcing grapes from all three Rioja subregions?
Combines freshness, extract, warmth, acidity, and structure ## Footnote This blending creates a balanced wine profile.
67
What is required for a vineyard to be classified as a single vineyard in Rioja?
* Soil assessment * Vines must be at least 35 years old * Proof of vineyard work for at least 10 years * Wine must pass a tasting panel * Hand-harvested grapes at lower yield ## Footnote Legislation for single vineyard classification was passed in 2017.
68
What is the Vino Espumoso de Calidad category introduced in 2018?
Traditional method sparkling wine ## Footnote Requires hand-harvesting and the entire process at the same facility.
69
What are the aging requirements for Vino Espumoso?
* Minimum 15 months for standard * 24 months for Reserva * 36 months for Gran Añada ## Footnote Gran Añada must be from a single vintage.
70
What is the predominant type of wine produced in Navarra?
Red wine accounts for approximately 60% of Navarra's production. ## Footnote Navarra is known for its rosado wines, which only represent 30% of the output.
71
Which grape varieties are majorly used for red wine in Navarra?
Garnacha and Tempranillo are the major red varieties. ## Footnote These varieties have been historically significant in the region.
72
What percentage of vineyard acreage in Navarra is dedicated to white grapes?
About 7% of vineyard acreage is dedicated to white grapes. ## Footnote Chardonnay has become the most prominent white variety in Navarra.
73
Name three red grape varieties of French origin that are on the rise in Navarra.
* Cabernet Sauvignon * Merlot * Pinot Noir ## Footnote These varieties contribute to the diversity of red wines in Navarra.
74
List the five subzones of Navarra.
* Valdizarbe * Baja Montaña * Tierra Estella * Ribera Alta * Ribera Baja ## Footnote Each subzone has distinct climatic and geographical characteristics.
75
What is the significance of DO Pago appellations in Navarra?
Four estates earned their own DO Pago appellations. ## Footnote These estates are Señorío de Arínzano, Prado Irache, Bodegas Otazu, and Bolandín.
76
Which autonomía contains four DOs including Campo de Borja and Calatayud?
The autonomía of Aragon. ## Footnote Aragon is located to the east of Rioja and Navarra.
77
What grape variety commands around two-thirds of the vineyard acreage in Campo de Borja?
Garnacha commands around two-thirds of the vineyard acreage. ## Footnote This region produces both red and rosado wines.
78
Which grape variety is the ancestral home of the Cariñena DO?
Carignan/Mazuelo is the ancestral grape variety. ## Footnote Cariñena is one of Spain's longstanding delimited zones, dating back to 1932.
79
What is the main focus of wine production in Somontano DO?
Wines from local grapes such as Alcañón and Parraleta, alongside Spanish and international varieties. ## Footnote Somontano is located in the foothills of the Pyrenees near Catalonia.
80
True or False: Navarra's rosado wines achieved recognition by the 15th century.
True ## Footnote The historical prominence of rosado wines in Navarra is well-documented.
81
Fill in the blank: The hot clima of Navarra's Ribera Baja extends into the _______ DO.
Campo de Borja
82
What does Green Spain refer to?
Green Spain includes the autonomía of Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, and País Vasco along the northern Costa Verde.
83
What is the climate like in Galicia and how does it affect wine production?
Galicia has a cooler maritime climate ideal for producing crisp, refreshing white wines.
84
List the five DOs within Galicia.
* Rías Baixas * Ribeiro * Valdeorras * Ribeira Sacra * Monterrei
85
What is Rías Baixas DO known for?
Rías Baixas DO is known for its Albariño wines and has five subzones.
86
What are the subzones within Rías Baixas DO?
* Val do Salnés * Ribeira do Ulla * Soutomaior * O Rosal * Condado do Tea
87
What is the minimum grape content for Rías Baixas Albariño?
Rías Baixas Albariño must not contain any blending grapes.
88
Fill in the blank: In Rías Baixas, wines from Val do Salnés or Ribeira do Ulla must contain a minimum _____ of recommended varieties.
70%
89
What are the favored white grapes in Rías Baixas?
* Albariño * Loureiro * Treixadura * Caiño Blanco
90
What is a notable feature of classic Albariño wines?
Classic Albariño wines tend to show stone fruit and citrus flowers, with an undercurrent of minerality.
91
True or False: Nearly 96% of the vineyard acreage in Rías Baixas is devoted to Albariño.
True
92
What is Ribeiro DO known for?
Ribeiro DO is one of Spain's oldest recognized wine regions and produces red and white wines based on Galician varieties.
93
What grape is favored for white wine in Ribeiro DO?
Treixadura
94
What type of wine is a local specialty in Ribeiro DO?
Vino Tostado
95
What does the name Ribeira Sacra mean?
The 'sacred bank' refers to its large concentration of churches.
96
List the five subregions of Ribeira Sacra DO.
* Amandi * Chantada * Quiroga-Bibei * Ribeiras do Sil * Ribeiras do Miño
97
What are the primary grapes used in Ribeira Sacra?
* Mencía * Treixadura * Godello
98
What is the easternmost DO of Galicia?
Valdeorras DO
99
What type of wine is Valdeorras DO best known for?
Clean, fruit-driven, high-acid Godello whites.
100
What regions do Asturias and Cantabria produce DO wine?
Asturias and Cantabria do not produce any DO wine.
101
What are the principal DO zones in País Vasco?
* Getariako Txakolina * Bizkaiko Txakolina * Arabako Txakolina
102
What grape is predominantly used in the white wines of Getariako Txakolina?
Ondarrabi Zuri
103
Fill in the blank: The rare rosado wines in Getariako Txakolina are traditionally known as _____ of Gallo.
Ojo
104
What are the characteristics of Txakoli wines?
Txakoli wines are low in alcohol, high in lemony acidity, and retain a light effervescence.
105
What should Txakoli wines be consumed?
In their youth.
106
What is Castilla y León known as?
The land of castles ## Footnote It includes numerous fortifications built to repel the Moors.
107
What historical event led to the birth of the Kingdom of Spain?
The dynastic union of Castilla y León and Aragon through marriage in the 15th century
108
What was the only official dialect in Spain for two centuries before 1978?
Castilian Spanish
109
What type of climate characterizes Castilla y León?
Continental climate with extreme highs and lows
110
What river flows through the center of Castilla y León?
Duero River
111
Name one Denominación de Origen (DO) located along the Duero River.
* Ribera del Duero * Rueda * Toro * Tierra del Vino de Zamora * Arribes
112
What grape is dominant in Bierzo DO?
Mencía
113
Who founded Descendientes de José Palacios?
Álvaro Palacios and his nephew Ricardo Pérez in 1999
114
What are the biodynamic 'Corullón' bottlings primarily made from?
Old-vine Mencía
115
What is the León DO known for producing?
Reds, whites, and rosados
116
What grape varieties are recommended for León DO?
* Mencía * Prieto Picudo
117
Which estate is considered the flagship of Ribera del Duero?
Vega Sicilia
118
In what year was Vega Sicilia founded?
1864
119
What is Vega Sicilia's benchmark wine called?
Único
120
What grape varieties are blended in Vega Sicilia's Único?
* Tinto del País * Cabernet Sauvignon * Merlot
121
What aging requirement must reds labeled crianza meet?
Must age for two years prior to release (including one year in cask)
122
What is the minimum percentage of Tinto del País required in Ribera del Duero reds?
75%
123
How many wineries were in Ribera del Duero when it received DO status?
9 wineries
124
How many producers are currently in Ribera del Duero?
Nearer to 300
125
What grape must whites from Ribera del Duero contain at least 75% of?
Albillo Mayor
126
What are the minimum requirements for rosados and claretes in Ribera del Duero?
Composed of a minimum of 50% authorized red grapes
127
What are the aging classifications used for Ribera del Duero wines?
* crianza * reserva * gran reserva
128
What is the aging requirement for gran reserva reds?
Minimum two years in cask for a total of five years of aging
129
What does the term 'joven' refer to in Ribera del Duero wine classification?
Wines aged less than three months
130
True or False: Ribera del Duero did not achieve DO status until 1982.
True
131
When did Rueda receive its DO?
1980
132
What grape is primarily used in Rueda white wines?
Verdejo
133
What percentage of Verdejo or Sauvignon is required in white wines labeled as Rueda?
Minimum 50%
134
Which grapes can be blended with Verdejo in Rueda white wines?
* Sauvignon * Viura * Chardonnay * Viognier
135
What grape dominates red wines in Rueda?
Tempranillo
136
What is the minimum percentage of red grapes in Rueda rosado wines?
Minimum 50%
137
What are Espumoso wines?
Sparkling wines produced in both rosado and white styles
138
What is the minimum percentage of Verdejo or Sauvignon Blanc in Brut and Brut Nature Espumoso wines?
Minimum 75%
139
What type of wine is Dorado?
Dry fortified, oxidized wine
140
Which DO lies to the west of Rueda?
Toro DO
141
What type of wines does Toro DO produce?
* Red * White * Rosado
142
What grape varieties are required for red wines in Toro?
* Minimum 75% Tinta de Toro * 85% Garnacha
143
What is Tinta de Toro?
A local strain of Tempranillo
144
Which wineries are top names in the Toro DO?
* Fariña * Numanthia-Termes * Bodegas Pintia
145
What is the minimum percentage of Tempranillo required in Tierra del Vino de Zamora red wines?
Minimum 75%
146
What is the lighter style of rosé wine produced in Tierra del Vino de Zamora called?
Clarete
147
What region's proximity benefits Toro and Zamora?
Ribera del Duero
148
Which DO is located at the border and produces Rufete and other red grapes?
Arribes DO
149
What white grapes are produced in Arribes DO?
* Malvasia * Verdejo * Albilla
150
What grape varieties are primarily used in Cigales DO for red wines?
* Garnacha Tinta * Tinto del País (Tempranillo)
151
What type of production is Cigales DO particularly noted for?
Rosado and nuevo (primeur) rosado production
152
When was Arlanza DO established?
2007
153
What varieties are produced in Arlanza DO?
A complement of Duero Valley and Bordeaux varieties
154
What is the name of the first DO Pago in Castilla y Leon?
Urueña
155
Which DOs were joined by Urueña in 2022?
* Abadía-Retuerta * Dehesa Peñalba
156
What is the geographical relationship between Catalonia and Roussillon?
Catalonia is a stone's throw from Roussillon, sharing a common culture and lineage.
157
In which century did Catalonia and Roussillon split?
The 17th century.
158
What political event caused the division between Catalonia and Roussillon?
The king of Spain ceded Roussillon to France.
159
What do the red and yellow stripes on the flags of Catalonia and Roussillon symbolize?
A reminder of their intertwined history.
160
What type of wines have historically been shared between Catalonia and Roussillon?
Heavier, fortified, and sweet red wines.
161
What was introduced to Spain in Catalonia in the 1960s?
Stainless steel fermentation.
162
Who sought to create a bold new Spanish red wine in 1979?
René Barbier.
163
What is Priorat DOCa known for?
Some of Spain's richest, most concentrated red wines.
164
What does DOCa stand for?
Denominación de Origen Calificada.
165
From where does the name Priorat derive?
Priorato de Scala Dei, a Carthusian monastery.
166
What types of wine are primarily produced in Priorat?
Red wine, with some white and rosado wine.
167
What are the traditional grape varieties of Priorat?
* Garnacha * Cariñena
168
What type of soil is characteristic of Priorat vineyards?
Llicorella, a mix of black slate and quartzite.
169
What challenge do vines in Priorat face due to the soil?
They must dig deeply for water.
170
Who planted a mix of local and French vines in Gratallops in 1979?
René Barbier.
171
What was the first cooperative effort produced by Barbier and others in 1989?
A single red wine bottled under five different labels.
172
What were the original five 'Clos' wines of Priorat?
* Clos Mogador * Clos Dofi * Clos Erasmus * Clos de l'Obac * Clos Martinet
173
What type of wine were the original 'Clos' wines labeled as?
Vino de mesa.
174
What is a key factor in managing wine production in Priorat?
Managing alcohol levels due to high potential alcohol from ripening grapes.
175
What village category was established in Priorat in 2009?
Vino de Pueblo (Vi de Vila in Catalan).
176
How many villages are included in the Vino de Pueblo category?
12 villages, including Gratallops.
177
What is the geographical relationship between Priorat DOQ and Montsant DO?
Priorat DOQ is almost entirely surrounded by the Montsant DO
178
Which grape varieties are dominant in both Priorat and Montsant?
Garnacha and Carinena
179
What type of wines were historically produced in Tarragona?
Fortified rancio or mistela
180
What major market currently represents the most substantial demand for Tarragona's wines?
Communion wines for Christian churches
181
List the DOs adjacent to Tarragona.
* Terra Alta DO * Conca de Barberà DO
182
What are the noncontiguous subzones of Costers del Segre DO?
* Pallars Jussà * Artesa de Segre * Valls del Riucorb * Segrià * Garrigues * Urgell * Raimat
183
Who was Manuel Raventós and what did he contribute to the Costers del Segre DO?
He purchased arid land for his Raïmat estate in 1914, transforming it into a productive vineyard
184
What is significant about the Alt-Penedès region?
It is one of Europe's highest altitude winegrowing regions, suited for Parellada grape cultivation
185
What percentage of Cava is produced in the Penedès region?
95%
186
Name the five authorized white grapes in the Cava sparkling blend.
* Parellada * Xarel-lo * Macabéo (Macabeu) * Malvasía * Chardonnay
187
Which grape variety thrives in the Medio-Penedès?
Ull de Llebre (Tempranillo)
188
What types of wines are produced in the lower vineyards of the Baix-Penedès?
High-alcohol red and rosado wines
189
What historical grape variety are the producers Vega de Ribes and Hospital de Sant Joan Baptista trying to preserve?
Malvasía de Sitges
190
What status did Malvasía de Sitges receive that helps ensure its future?
Slow Food 'presidia' status
191
Where is the birthplace of Cava located?
Sant Sadurní d'Anoia ## Footnote Sant Sadurní d'Anoia is situated in the Alt-Penedès region of Spain.
192
Who introduced método tradicional sparkling winemaking to Spain, and in what year?
Jose Raventós of Codorníu in 1872 ## Footnote This method is essential for producing Cava wines.
193
Which company is second in size to Freixenet in the production of sparkling wines?
Codorníu ## Footnote Freixenet is the world's largest producer of sparkling wines.
194
What are the recommended grapes for traditional Cava blends?
* Macabeu * Xarel-lo * Parellada ## Footnote These grapes help create the characteristic profile of Cava.
195
How long do Cava wines require on the lees at the Cava de Guarda level?
Nine months ## Footnote This is less time than required for Champagne.
196
What is the aging requirement for Cava de Guarda Superior reserva?
Eighteen months ## Footnote Gran reserva requires thirty months of aging.
197
What is unique about Cava DO in terms of its classification?
It covers a style rather than a region ## Footnote This is distinct from many other Denominación de Origen in Spain.
198
What is the significance of the four-pointed star mark on Cava bottles?
It indicates the bottle is Cava ## Footnote This mark is imprinted on the cork.
199
What grape is known locally as Pansà Blanca in Alella DO?
Xarel-lo ## Footnote Xarel-lo contributes to both still dry white wines and Cava blends.
200
What is the focus of Empordà DO?
Cariñena rosados ## Footnote Garnacha and international varieties have also been successful in this region.
201
What is the significance of Pla de Bages in relation to Bacchus?
It is a newer DO named after Bacchus, the Roman god of wine ## Footnote It is located to the northwest of Penedès.
202
What does the Catalunya DO encompass?
The entire autonomía ## Footnote It covers wineries not included in more specific DO zones.
203
What grapes are produced in the Balearic Islands' DO zones?
* Manto Negro * Moll (Prensal Blanc) ## Footnote These are indigenous and international varieties used in wine production.
204
True or False: Cava wines are known for their earthy and citrus-tinged flavors.
True ## Footnote This is particularly true for better Cava sparklers made from traditional grapes.
205
What regions produce wine in Southern Spain?
Murcia, Valencia, Castilla-La Mancha, Madrid, Extremadura, Andalucía ## Footnote These regions comprise the Levant region on the eastern coast.
206
What is the capital of the Valencia autonomía?
Valencia ## Footnote It is also Spain's third largest city.
207
What grape is primarily used in the DO zone of Valencia?
Merseguera ## Footnote Other varieties are also used.
208
What is Fondillón?
A solera-style, oxidative dessert wine produced from overripe Monastrell grapes ## Footnote It is aged for a minimum of ten years and is not fortified.
209
What is the primary grape used in Utiel-Requena red wines?
Bobal ## Footnote Doble pasta is a traditional style used in this region.
210
What is the traditional method used in producing Doble Pasta red wines?
Macerated and fermented with twice the normal amount of grape skins and pulp ## Footnote This results in intense concentration, tannin, and color.
211
Which grape occupies over 80% of Jumilla's vineyards?
Monastrell ## Footnote It is drought-resistant and thick-skinned.
212
What is the largest single demarcated wine region in Europe?
La Mancha DO ## Footnote It lies within the Castilla-La Mancha autonomía.
213
What are the principal grapes of the La Mancha region?
Cencibel (Tempranillo) and Airén ## Footnote These grapes thrive in the hot, dry environment.
214
What is the significance of Airén in La Mancha?
It was the most planted white grape in the world until recently ## Footnote Now it is the second most planted grape after Chardonnay.
215
What illegal practice did the Marqués de Griñon estate adopt?
Drip irrigation ## Footnote This was used to release modern, concentrated wines as vino de mesa.
216
What is DO Pago?
A designation for estates that produce wines under specific regulations ## Footnote Various estates have been granted DO Pago status since 2003.
217
When was the DO Pago Dominio de Valdepusa granted?
2003 ## Footnote It was awarded to the Marqués de Griñon estate.
218
Name three DO Pago estates established after 2003.
* DO Pago Finca Élez * Guijoso * Dehesa del Carrizal ## Footnote Other estates followed in subsequent years.
219
What significant grape varieties are being experimented with in La Mancha?
Cabernet Sauvignon, Petit Verdot, Syrah, Merlot ## Footnote These are international varieties.
220
True or False: Jumilla's sandy soils were affected by phylloxera in the 1980s.
True ## Footnote This led to a shift from bulk wine production to quality cultivation.
221
Fill in the blank: The wines of Valencia are better known for their _______.
oranges and paella ## Footnote Valencia is the birthplace of the famous Spanish rice dish.
222
What percentage of Jumilla's DO output is made up of reds and rosados?
Over 95% ## Footnote The region's white grapes perform less well in the desert-like climate.
223
What is the main goal of the Castilla-La Mancha pagos?
To implement an international blend in pursuit of wines of 'expression'.
224
Which estate has the longest history among the Castilla-La Mancha pagos?
Marqués de Griñon, founded in 1973.
225
Who are the notable figures associated with Marqués de Griñon?
Michel Rolland and Émile Peynaud.
226
What approach do DO Pago proprietors commonly take?
Incorporating money and modern methodology in pursuit of concentration, greatness, and expression.
227
What grape is primarily used for Almansa reds?
Garnacha Tintorera.
228
What is unique about the Garnacha Tintorera grape?
It is a teinturier characterized by red-pigmented juice.
229
Which grape is predominantly used in Manchuela DO?
Bobal.
230
When did Ribera del Júcar DO receive its own DO status?
In 2003.
231
What is the most planted grape in Valdepeñas DO?
Airén.
232
Which grape follows Airén in terms of planting in Valdepeñas?
Cencibel.
233
What geological feature benefits the vines in Valdepeñas?
Higher concentration of chalk bedrock.
234
What types of wines can be produced in the Uclés DO?
Red varieties, white wines, sparkling wines, and sweet, dulce wines.
235
What is the minimum age for vines bearing red grapes in Uclés DO before harvesting?
Six years.
236
Which varieties are permitted in Mondéjar DO?
Cencibel, Cabernet Sauvignon, Macabéo, and Malvar.
237
What are the four areas included in Vinos de Madrid DO?
San Martín de Valdeiglesias, Navalcarnero, Arganda, and el Molar.
238
What grape varieties are widely planted in Vinos de Madrid DO?
Airén, Malvar, Tinto Fino, and Negra de Madrid (Garnacha).
239
Where is the Ribera del Guadiana DO located?
To the southwest of Madrid and Méntrida in the Extremadura autonomía.
240
Name the six subzones of Ribera del Guadiana DO.
* Ribera Alta de Guadiana * Ribera Baja de Guadiana * Matanegra * Cañamero * Montanchez * Tierra de Barros.
241
What is the primary contribution of the Ribera del Guadiana region?
Gastronomy, particularly jamón serrano and jamón ibérico.
242
What is significant about Tierra de Barros within the Ribera del Guadiana DO?
It encompasses nearly 80% of the DO and is home to Bodegas Inviosa.
243
What is unique about Bodegas Inviosa?
It is the only producer of Cava in southwestern Spain.
244
What are the DO zones included in Andalucía?
Granada, Málaga, Sierras de Málaga, Montilla-Moriles, Condado de Huelva, Jerez-Xérès-Sherry, Manzanilla Sanlúcar de Barrameda
245
What cultural stereotypes are associated with Andalucía?
Bullfighting, flamenco, authentic gazpacho
246
What does the Strait of Gibraltar represent historically?
A historically important trading route
247
Which cultures controlled Andalucía before the Moorish conquest?
Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Vandals, Visigoths, Byzantines
248
What transformation did the Moors bring to Andalucía?
Transformed it into a hub of Mediterranean trade, learning, and culture
249
What was the Arabic name for Jerez de la Frontera?
Sherish
250
What significant event occurred in 1492 in Andalucía?
The fall of Granada ended Moorish rule on the Iberian Peninsula
251
What did Columbus do eight months after the fall of Granada?
Set sail from Andalucía to find his ocean route to the East Indies
252
What was the effect of Columbus's voyage on Spanish wine?
Profound effect on fortified wines of Andalucía and the Canary Islands
253
How much of his budget did Ferdinand Magellan spend on sherry?
More than on weapons
254
What was 'sack' in relation to Jerez wines?
The name used by English-speakers for wines of Jerez
255
Who plundered nearly 3000 barrels of 'sherris sack' in 1587?
English Admiral Frances Drake
256
What was the impact of the plunder of 'sherris sack'?
Cinched English tastes for the wine
257
How did sherry's popularity change over the centuries?
Became an incredibly popular export to Great Britain
258
Who famously extolled the virtues of 'Ho-Bryan'?
Samuel Pepys
259
What happened to the sherry industry in the late 1800s?
Curtailed by the arrival of phylloxera and rise in production of 'Sherry' styles throughout Europe
260
When was the Jerez Consejo Regulador established?
In 1933
261
What was the export volume of Jerez by 1979?
200 million bottles a year
262
What were the issues faced by Jerez's wine quality?
Much of the wine was cheap and of questionable quality
263
What efforts have been made to improve sherry quality?
Reduce vineyard acreage and increase quality overall
264
What are the two DO zones today?
Jerez-Xérès-Sherry and Manzanilla-Sanlúcar de Barrameda
265
Which towns form the 'golden triangle' of sherry production?
Jerez de la Frontera, Sanlúcar de Barrameda, El Puerto de Santa Maria
266
What are the three authorized grape varieties for sherry?
* Palomino * Pedro Ximénez * Moscatel
267
Which grape variety is preferred for dry Sherry?
Palomino
268
What type of soils does Palomino thrive in?
White albariza soils
269
What characterizes lower-lying vineyards in Andalucía?
Contain more barros (clay)
270
What type of soils are coastal vineyards characterized by?
Sandy soils called arenas
271
What grape variety is principally suitable for coastal vineyards?
Moscatel
272
What is the principal grape of Montilla-Moriles?
Pedro Ximénez (PX) ## Footnote Montilla-Moriles is known for its PX grape, which thrives in the region's hot climate.
273
Which styles of wine are produced in Montilla-Moriles?
Sherry-Fino, Oloroso, Amontillado ## Footnote These wines can be produced in both fortified and unfortified versions.
274
What is the ideal alcohol strength for flor to survive in Fino sherry?
15.5% ## Footnote This strength is achieved through natural fermentation of the PX grape.
275
Which region is located directly south of Montilla-Moriles?
Málaga DO ## Footnote Málaga is historically a prosperous wine region but currently suffers from lowered international interest.
276
What are the principal grapes of the Málaga region?
Moscatel, PX ## Footnote These grapes are used to produce both naturally sweet and fortified sweet wines.
277
What is the process called where grapes are dried on mats before fermentation in Málaga?
Soleo ## Footnote This process can last for up to 20 days.
278
How many age categories exist for Málaga wines?
Five ## Footnote The categories include Málaga Pálido, Málaga, Málaga Noble, Málaga Añejo, and Málaga Trasañejo.
279
What is the aging requirement for Málaga Noble?
Two to three years ## Footnote This category requires a minimum aging in oak.
280
What is unique about the Canary Islands regarding phylloxera?
Phylloxera never reached the Canaries ## Footnote This has allowed century-old vines to remain common.
281
Which grape varieties are typically used for red wines in the Canary Islands?
Listán Negro, Negramoll, Malvasía Rosada, Listán Prieto ## Footnote These varieties are integral to the region's red wine production.
282
What is the primary type of wine that has become popular with tourists in the Canary Islands?
Vino joven ## Footnote These fresh styles have largely replaced fortified wines in popularity.
283
Fill in the blank: The fortified wines of Málaga undergo solera aging in _______.
American oak ## Footnote This aging process contributes to the wine's complexity.
284
What is the minimum aging requirement for Málaga Trasañejo?
Minimum five years ## Footnote This is the highest aging category for Málaga wines.
285
How many DO zones are there in the Canary Islands?
Ten ## Footnote Five of these zones are located on the island of Tenerife.
286
True or False: The wines of Málaga are always dry.
False ## Footnote Málaga produces both naturally sweet and fortified sweet wines.
CMS Advanced Level 2025-2026
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