Stem Cell Technology Flashcards by sriracha honey

the smallest biological unit and make up all living organisms

Cells

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undifferentiated cell that can divide to produce some offspring cells that continue as stem cells and some cells that are destined to differentiated (become specialized).

Stem Cells

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involves the study, manipulation, and application of stem cell, cells that have the unique ability to develop into different types of specialized cells in the body. These cells can divide and renew themselves, offering enormous potential for regenerative medicine, disease treatment, and biomedical research

Stem cell technology

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TYPES OF STEM CELL

Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
Adult (Somatic) Stem Cells
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
Perinatal Stem Cells

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Derived from early -stage embryos (blastocysts)

Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)

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can become almost any cell type in the body.

Pluripotent

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Pluripotent — can become almost any cell type in the body.

Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)

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Found in specific tissues

Adult (Somatic) Stem Cells

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Multipotent — can only become a limited range of cells.

Adult (Somatic) Stem Cells

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Adult cells genetically reprogrammed to behave like embryonic stem cells.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)

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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
Advantage:

avoids ethical issues of embryo destruction.

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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
Used in:

personalized medicine, drug testing, and disease modeling

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Found in umbilical cord blood and amniotic fluid.

Perinatal Stem Cells

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Have properties between embryonic and adult stem cells

Perinatal Stem Cells

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TYPES BASED ON POTENCY

Totipotent Stem Cells
Pluripotent Stem Cells
Multipotent Stem Cells
Oligopotent Stem Cells
Unipotent Stem Cells

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“Total potential” — can give rise to all types of cells in the body, including the placenta and supporting tissues.

Totipotent Stem Cells

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Totipotent Stem Cells – Source

Zygote and first few embryonic cells (up to 3–4 cell divisions after fertilization).

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Totipotent Stem Cells – Capability

Can form a complete organism.

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Totipotent Stem Cells – Example

Fertilized egg (zygote).

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can make everything (baby + placenta).

Totipotent Stem Cells

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“Many potentials” - can form almost all body cell types, but not extraembryonic tissues (like the placenta)

Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Pluripotent Stem Cells – Source

Inner cell mass of the blastocyst (about 5–7 days after fertilization).

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Pluripotent Stem Cells – Examples

⚬ Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)
⚬ Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) — reprogrammed adult cells.

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can make all body cells, but not a whole baby.

Pluripotent

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“Multiple potentials” — can develop into a limited range of cell types within one tissue or organ system.

Multipotent Stem Cells

Multipotent Stem Cells – Source

Adult (somatic) tissues like bone marrow, skin, or fat.

Multipotent Stem Cells – Examples

⚬ Hematopoietic stem cells → blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) ⚬ Mesenchymal stem cells → bone, cartilage, fat, muscle cells

can make several related cell types.

Multipotent Stem Cells

“Few potentials” — can become only a few cell types.

Oligopotent Stem Cells

Oligopotent Stem Cells – Source

Found in specific tissues where only certain cell types are needed.

Oligopotent Stem Cells – Examples

⚬ Myeloid stem cells → can produce different types of white blood cells. ⚬ Lymphoid stem cells → can produce T-cells and B-cells.

can produce different types of white blood cells.

Myeloid stem cells

can produce T-cells and Bcells.

Lymphoid stem cells

can make a few related cells.

Oligopotent Stem Cells

“Single potential” — can produce only one cell type, but can self-renew.

Unipotent Stem Cells

Unipotent Stem Cells – Source

Found in specific tissues for repair and regeneration.

Unipotent Stem Cells – Example

Muscle stem cells (myosatellite cells) → form only muscle cells.

one specific type only.

Unipotent Stem Cells

Each cell can develop into a new individual.

Totipotent

Totipotent – Examples

Cells from early (1–3) days embryo

Cells can form (over) cell types

Pluripotent

Pluripotent – Examples

Some cells of blastocyst (5–14 days).

Cells differentiated but can form a number of other types.

Multipotent

Multipotent – Examples

Fetal tissue, cord blood, and adult stem cells.

Ability to differentiate into few cells.

Oligopotent

Oligopotent – Examples

Adult lymphoid or myeloid cell.

Ability to produce cells of their own type; self-renewal.

Unipotent

Unipotent – Examples

Adult muscle stem cells.

MEDICAL BENEFITS AND PROMISES STEM CELL RESEARCH HAS PROVIDED BREAKTHROUGHS AND POTENTIAL CURES FOR:

DEGENERATIVE DISEASES (PARKINSON’S, ALZHEIMER’S) SPINAL CORD INJURIES DIABETES (PANCREATIC BETA CELL REPLACEMENT) HEART DISEASES LEUKEMIA AND LYMPHOMA (VIA BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT) ORGAN AND TISSUE REGENERATION HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION (HSCT) SKIN REGENERATION FOR BURN VICTIMS CORNEAL (EYE) REGENERATION CARTILAGE AND BONE REGENERATION TREATMENT FOR BLOOD AND IMMUNE DISORDERS INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM

cases of people who used stem cell technology

1. REEMA SANDHU – MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS) 2. DAVE RANDLE – HEART ATTACK 3. GEORGE NORTON – ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA (ALL)

ETHICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES

1.Embryo Use 2. Cloning Concerns 3. Consent and Ownership 4. Equity and Accessibility

THE SURGICAL REMOVAL OF AN ORGAN OR TISSUE FROM ONE PERSON (DONOR) AND PLACEMENT INTO ANOTHER (RECIPIENT) TO REPLACE A DAMAGED OR MISSING ORGAN.

ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION

THE VOLUNTARY GIVING OF ONE’S ORGAN(S) OR TISSUE(S), EITHER DURING LIFE OR AFTER DEATH, FOR TRANSPLANTATION.

ORGAN DONATION

TYPES of Organ Donation

LIVING DONATION DECEASED DONATION DIRECTED VS. NON-DIRECTED DONATION

- Donor gives one kidney, part of the liver, lung, or pancreas. - Usually among relatives or close friends. - Must be voluntary, informed, and medically safe.

LIVING DONATION

- Donation after brain death or cardiac death. - Requires prior consent (from donor or family).

DECEASED DONATION

donor specifies the recipient.

Directed

donor gives to anyone in need.

Non-directed (Altruistic)

Types of Consent Models

1.Explicit Consent (Opt-In System) 2.Presumed Consent (Opt-Out System) 3.Mandated Choice

Donation occurs only if a person has formally consented before death (e.g., signed donor card).

Explicit Consent (Opt-In System)

Everyone is considered a donor unless they have registered their refusal.

Presumed Consent (Opt-Out System)

Individuals are required by law to record their preference (yes/no) during official transactions (e.g., driver’s license).

Mandated Choice

Organ Donation Act of 1991

Republic Act 7170

Organ Donation Act of 1991

Allows individuals of legal age to donate organs before death.

Republic Act 7170

Defines brain death as legal death for organ donation.

Republic Act 7170

Prohibits sale or trafficking of human organs.

Republic Act 9208 (Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act)

Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act

Republic Act 9208

Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act

ETHICAL AND MORAL PRINCIPLES IN ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION

AUTONOMY BENEFICENCE NON-MALEFICENCE JUSTICE VERACITY FIDELITY

ETHICAL AND MORAL DILEMMAS

Organ Allocation and Fairness Commercialization and Organ Trafficking Consent in Brain Death Living Donor Risks Posthumous Donation Cultural and Religious Beliefs Transplant Tourism

- Organ procurement is justified if it maximizes benefits — i.e., saves or improves more lives

Utilitarianism

Allocation should favor those who have the highest chance of survival or benefit.

Utilitarianism

Supports policies like presumed consent to increase donor supply.

Utilitarianism

“The greatest good for the greatest number.”

Utilitarianism

"Act according to duty and moral rules, regardless of consequences.”

Deontology (Kantian Ethics)

Organ procurement is ethical only if it respects the individual’s autonomy, consent, and moral rights.

Deontology (Kantian Ethics)

- Informed consent is a moral duty — even if fewer organs are donated.

Deontology (Kantian Ethics)

Selling organs is inherently wrong, as it violates human dignity.

Deontology (Kantian Ethics)

Focuses on the moral character and intentions of donors, families, and healthcare professionals.

Virtue Ethics

Donation is viewed as an act of compassion, generosity, and altruism.

Virtue Ethics

Ethical procurement fosters trust and moral excellence in society.

Virtue Ethics

ROLE OF THE NURSE (LEGAL AND ETHICAL AGENT)

- UPHOLD INFORMED CONSENT AND RESPECT FOR AUTONOMY. - EDUCATE FAMILIES ABOUT THEIR RIGHTS UNDER RA 7170. - REPORT ANY SUSPECTED ORGAN TRAFFICKING. - ADVOCATE FOR ETHICAL PRACTICES AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT FOR DONORS AND RECIPIENTS.

Stem Cell Technology Flashcards

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