1
Q
- a fluid connective tissue; formed elements are
A
Blood
2
Q
- straw colored fluid containing dissolved substances 55%
A
plasma
3
Q
- leukocytes and platelets 1%
A
buffy coat
4
Q
- red blood cells and hematocrit 45% of bood they have the following characteristics: they are biconcave disks anucleate (no nucleus) large surface volume no mitochondria mostly hemoglobin 120 day lifespan
A
erythrocytes
5
Q
___ are white blood cells
A
leukocytes
6
Q
_____ are cell fragments required for clotting called thrombocytes
A
platelets
7
Q
Females have ___L of blood while males have __L of blood
A
4-5, 5-6
8
Q
Blood functions:
A
Distribution
Oxygen, nutrients, waste and hormones
Regultion
body temperature, pH buffer, fluid volume
Protection
clot formation and prevention of infections
9
Q
- blood cell formation
A
Hematopoiesis
10
Q
- mitotic stem cell of all formed elements
A
Hemocytoblast
11
Q
- red iron containing pigment which binds oxygen
A
heme
12
Q
- protein which binds carbon dioxide
A
globin
13
Q
- a hormone made by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production (RBC)
A
erythropoietin
14
Q
____ destroys worn out red blood cells
A
Spleen
15
Q
___ is converted to bilirubin and excreted in bile by liver, iron is recycled, globin is hydrolyzed (digested) to amino acids for reuse
A
Heme
16
Q
- granular cytoplasm in white blood cells, granular cytoplasm is stained with wright’s stain, nuclei are lobed, end with ‘phil’
A
granulocytes
17
Q
________ (most abundant white blood cell) polymorphonuclear (many forms of nucleus)
3-6 lobes
active phagocytes of bacteria
A
neutrophils
18
Q
- bluish red nucleus 2 lobes cytoplasmic granules are red kill parasitic worms active during allergic reaction
A
eosinophils
19
Q
_______ (least abundant white blood cell) purplish black
rare, releases histamine which is an inflammatory chemical that promotes chemotaxis of white blood cells
releases heparin which is an anticoagulant
A
basophils
20
Q
- are not granular white blood cells, lack visible granules, nuclei are spherical shaped or kidney shaped, end with “cyte”
A
agranulocytes
21
Q
- found in the spleen and lymph nodes
important in immune response
large nucleus
t-lymphocytes act against viruses and tumoral cells
b-lymphocytes become plasma cells that make antibodies
antibody Ab, Antigen Ag
A
lymphocytes
22
Q
- u shaped nucleus
differentiate into macrophages in tissue
involved in the cleanup of debris at the end of infections
A
monocytes
23
Q
White blood cells use _______ - amoeboid movement and positive chemotaxis to migrate toward damaged tissues
A
diapedesis
24
Q
- white blood cells increase due to infection
A
Leukocytosis
25
- production of white blood cells, occur in bone marrow
| life span of about 10 days if not used in clotting
leukopoiesis
26
- cytoplasmic fragments used for clotting
| bluish color
Platelets
27
- 90% water and proteins, nutrients, gas
Plasma
28
_____ is a major blood protein which is important in creating osmotic pressure gradients
Albumin
29
_____ functions in immune response
immunoglobulin
30
Red blood cell plasma membranes have highly specific _____ or agglutinogens that cause clumping on the surface of red blood cells
antigens
31
the Rh factor is also called ____
Antigen D
32
85% of americans are Rh _____ (agglutinogen D)
positive
33
___ red blood cells have Rh antigen and no anti Rh antibodies
Rh+
34
____ red blood cells have neither Rh antigens or antibodies until exposed to Rh+ blood
Rh -
35
The immune system produces the _______
antibodies
36
Rh- mother of Rh+ baby (father must be Rh+)
First baby will be healthy but the second baby will die due to Erythroblastosis Fetalis this is called_________ ________ ___________
Hemolytic Disease of the newborn
37
______ are antibodies given to the mother which binds with the fetal antigens
RhoGam
38
_______ - stoppage of blood flow upon injury to a vessel
Hemostasis
39
3 events of hemostasis:
vascular spasm
platelet plug formation
coagulation - a reaction in which blood is changed to a gel and reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads (network)
40
- a reaction in which blood is changed to a gel and reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads (network)
coagulation
41
______ forms a mesh that is like a scab forming network of insoluble fibers
Fibrin
42
Three phases of coagulation:
Prothrombin activator is formed
Prothrombin is transformed into Thrombin
Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen to form a fibrin mesh (cascade effect)
43
______ in platelets contract to form a scab
| Pulmonary Emboli impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen
Actin and Myosin
44
- a clot that develops in an unbroken blood vessel
Thrombus
45
- a freely floating clot (thrombus) in the blood stream
Embolus
46
_____ _____can cause strokes
Cerebral emboli
47
The left side of the heart pumps _______
oxygenated blood
48
The right side of the heart sends blood to the ____
lungs
49
_____ ____ sends blood to the muscles, left side
Systemic Circuit
50
_____ _____ goes to the lungs, right side
Pulmonary Circuit
51
an _____ carries blood away from the heart
artery
52
_____ carry blood to the heart
Veins
53
The pulmonary ____ is less oxygenated while the pulmonary vein is oxygenated
artery
54
The is the largest artery
aorta
55
____ is the bottom point of the heart
Apex
56
The ____ receive blood, the push blood out
atrium; ventricles
57
the left _____ has a thicker wall (myocardium)
ventricle
58
the heart is enclosed in a sac called the _____ a double walled sac (serosa)
pericardium
59
the visceral serosa is known as the ________
epicardium
60
_____separates the visceral serosa from the parietal serous; it acts as a lubricant.
serous fluid
61
_______ is the wall of the heart
Myocardium
62
- Chordae tendineae which prevents prolapse
Heart strings
63
_____ are small blood vessels that deliver oxygen and remove waste, they are thin as one red blood cell
Capillaries
64
Systole-
contraction
65
Diastole -
relaxation
66
____ contracts first then the ventricle
Atria
67
Intercalated disks connect cardiac tissue. They have gap junctions that allow muscle ____ _____ (impulses) to spread between fibers
action potentials
68
Action potential is like a wave of ________
depolarization
69
_____are cells that can depolarize by themselves, they generate action potentials
Nodal cells
70
The conduction originates in the ________. They depolarize faster than other cardiac cells
sinoatrial cells
71
_____ bpm is average
75
72
_____ is the pacemaker of the heart
SA node
73
_____ is a method of measuring polarization within the heart
EKG
74
- atrial depolarization
P-wave
75
- ventricular depolarization; Atrial repolarization is covered by this process
QRS complex
76
- ventricular repolarization
T-wave
77
____ nerve decreases heart rate
Vagus
78
- amount of blood which moves through left ventricle per minute
Cardiac output
79
- vol/beat of left ventricle
Stroke volume
80
Cardiac output =
Heart rate x Stroke volume
81
____ prevent the backflow of blood and are most abundant in veins of the limbs
Valves
82
- force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by blood; measured in mmHg
Blood pressure
83
_______ is measured by using a sphygmomanometer
Blood pressure
84
- pressure wave caused by the expansion and recoil of arteries
Pulse
85
Myocardial infarction -
heart attack
86
_____ artery is the first branch off the ascending aorta
Coronary
87
- high blood pressure; pressure of 140/90 or higher
Hypertension
88
Branches of aortic arch:
brachiocephalic artery
left common carotid artery
left subclavian
anatomy 202
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