1
Q
pulmonary ventilation -
A
breathing
2
Q
External respiration -
A
alveoli and blood capillaries; exchange of gas between lungs and blood
3
Q
transport of respiratory gases -
A
oxygen is delivered to tissues and carbon dioxide is removed
4
Q
internal respiration -
A
gas exchange between blood and tissues
5
Q
Aerobic respiration is a _______ process
A
metabolic
6
Q
- filters, moistens, warms air
A
nose
7
Q
- long hairs of the nose that filters large particles
A
vibrissae
8
Q
- nostrils
A
nares
9
Q
- bone structure designed to slow movement of air, covered with mucosa
A
conchae
10
Q
- air passageway created by the conchae
A
metus
11
Q
- mucosa lined cavities in bone
A
paranasal sinuses
12
Q
- posterior to the hard plate
A
soft palate
13
Q
- terminus(end) of soft plate
A
uvula
14
Q
- throat
A
pharynx
15
Q
- voice box
A
larynx
16
Q
- opening between vocal chords for air
A
glottis
17
Q
- covers glottis during swallowing
A
epiglottis
18
Q
- vocal chord
A
vocal fold
19
Q
- adam’s apple (laryngeal prominence)
A
thyroid cartilage
20
Q
- anchors to the trachea
A
cricoid cartilage
21
Q
- wind pipe which consists of hyaline cartilage and c rings, it is flexible
A
trachea
22
Q
- lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
A
Bronchus
23
Q
clusters of alveoli
A
alveolar sacs -
24
Q
- sacs where gas exchange takes place, increases surface area
A
alveolar
25
- dome shaped muscle of breathing
diaphragm
26
______ is the apex of the lungs
cupula
27
- pressure is inversely directed to the volume
Boyle's law
28
- increase in volume of the thoracic cavity
inspiration
29
- decrease in the volume of thoracic cavity
expression
30
Intrapulmonary pressure -
760 mmHg same as atmospheric pressure
31
Intrapleural pressure -
756 mmHg; this keeps the lungs in place
32
- normal breathing rate of 12-14 times a minute for adults
Eupnea
33
Alveolar ventilation -
the air that reaches the alveoli for respiration
34
Apnea -
stopped breathing
35
Tachypnea -
rapid shallow breathing
36
Hyperpnea -
increased rate of deep breathing
37
Bradypnea -
slow breathing
38
Dyspnea -
difficult breathing
39
Sinusitis -
inflamed sinus
40
- artificial surgical opening of the trachea
Tracheostomy
41
- closing of the glottis to prevent exhalation during straining
Valsala’s maneuver
42
- procedure to dislodge an object in the airway
heimlich maneuver
43
- inflammation of the lungs?
pleurisy
44
- permit enlargement of the alveoli and destruction of the alveolar wall; results in a loss of elasticity
emphysema
45
- double layered serosa of lungs
pleura
46
- lines the thoracic wall
parietal pleura
47
- covers lungs
visceral pleura
48
- fluid reduces friction
intrapleural serous
49
- inflammation of the pleura; results in painful breathing
pleurisy
50
- a lipoprotein that is secreted by the alveolar cells to reduce surface tension; keeps alveoli from collapsing
Surfactant
51
- lack of surfactant due to premature birth
IRDS - infant respiratory distress syndrome
52
- amount of ir taken in during eupnea (500 mL)
Tidal volume
53
- inspired forcibility beyond the tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
54
- expired forcibility beyond tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume
55
- air in lungs that can not be expired
Residual volume
56
- air in conducting passage way (150 mL)
Anatomical dead space
57
- instrument used to measure lung volume
Spirometer
58
Bell Spirometer uses _____ displacement to calculate lung volume
water
59
Partial pressure of oxygen - arteries ___ mmhg; veins __ mmhg
104; 40
60
partial pressure of carbon dioxide - arteries __ mmHg; veins __ mmHg
40; 45
61
Increased pressure will increase ____ ability
solute
62
- Nitrogen bubbles form in the blood
The Bends
63
_______ acts as a buffer and maintains a constant pH in the blood
Bicarbonate
64
The _______ and ______ are the primary parts of the brain that control respiration (brain stem)
medulla; pons
65
Medullary inspiratory center controls the _____ ______ __ ________ by inspiration and expiration and is self-excitatory
basic rhythm of respiration
66
______ inspiratory center - rhythmic autonomic reflex
Medullary
67
pneumotaxic area of upper pons - _____ inspiration
inhibit
68
apneustic area of lower pons - stimulates the inspiratory area to _____ inspiration;
inhibited by impulse from stretch receptors in lungs to prevent over stretching
prolong
69
_________ can alter breathing pattern and it can temporarily override pons and medulla
Cerebral cortex
70
- contains chemosensitive areas that are sensitive to blood concentrations of CO2 and H
medulla
71
The carotid bodies and aortic bodies are sensitive to ________ changes in CO2 O2 and H levels in the blood
chemoreceptors
72
_______ is when the body expels Co2 to get gas levels back to normal
Hyperventilation
73
- slow rate of respiration allows for build up of PCo2 and H
Hypoventilation
74
Co2 and H chemoreceptors are more sensitive than _____ receptors
Oxygen
anatomy 202
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