Test 3 - Target Analysis

Question 1

Define Explosion:

Answer 1

A violent and rapid decomposition of energetic material to produce energy (heat) and gas which will lead to violent pressure rupturing of any confining structure. May be Nuclear, Chemical or Physical.

Question 2

Define Chemical Explosion

Answer 2

Extremely rapid reaction of a chemical system to produce heat and gas.

Question 3

Define Physical Explosion:

Answer 3

May be natural such as a volcano or lightning strike or structural such as failure of a pressurised gas container.

Question 4

Define Nuclear Explosion:

Answer 4

Sudden release of enormous quantities of heat by fission or fusion proccesses

Question 5

Define Blast:

Answer 5

Violent disruptive effect caused by an explosion. From the explosion there is an evolution of heat, gases and a shock front which emanates from the centre of the explosion.

Question 6

Explain/ what is the basic principle of FAE?

Answer 6

Consists of creating an aerosol cloud of a fuel air mixture, which is then initiated to create an explosive effect, the blast wave formed inside generates high overpressure inside the cloud.
not a fire such as napalm.

Question 7

4 Factors affecting VoD

Answer 7

• Diameter of the Charge
• Density of the Charge
• Degree of confinment
• Detonator’s Strength

Question 8

Explain Burning to detonation:

Answer 8

-Occurs when there is an abrupt acceleration of the flame front until it becomes a shockwave.

Question 9

4 shock Wave behaviours?

Answer 9

• Reflection (bounces back once hit boundary)
• Diffraction (breaking up/scattering by an obstacle)
• Overpressure vs Distance (peak pressure fall over dist)
• Over pressure vs Time

Question 10

Explain Reflection:

Answer 10

• The blast wave is thrown back at an angle to the original path
• The bouncing back of a wave after it strikes a boundary.
• Equal angle of reflection to the incident wave

Question 11

Explain Diffraction:

Answer 11

• Breaking up or scattering of a wave by an obstacle.

Question 12

Explain Probabilty Product Rule:

Answer 12

Probabilty of getting a Kill, culmative with multiple rounds.
PK = PH x PR x PL
PK = Kill Probability 
PH = Hit Probability
PR = Reliability of weapon system
PH = Lethality of ammo

Question 13

Three damage levels used for ammo design:

Answer 13

• Disablement (prevent from doing job)
• Destruction (kill/destory target)
• neutralisation (causalty causing, people not material)

Question 14

2 Energy Sources employed in Ammo Design

Answer 14

• Kinetic Energy (KE)
  
  • In the form of a solid missile, which dissipates its
    energy on impact & requires no triggering device
    to control the release of energy.
• Chemical Energy (CE)
  
  • In the form of a substance, with a considerable
    potential energy, relative to its mass, which can
    liberate that energy when suitably initiated.

Question 15

Explain Standard Criteria for Attack on Aircraft:

Answer 15

KK-Kill = immediate and catastrophic disintegration
K-Kill = destroyed in less than 10 secs
A-Kill = destroyed in less than 5mins
B-Kill = destroyed in less than 5 hours
C-Kill = Tgt's Mission is not achieved/aborted.
E-Kill = May complete mission, needs repairs before next flight

Question 16

3 Types of Aircraft Targets:

Answer 16

• Slow Moving
• Fast Moving
• Helicopters

Question 17

7 Types of warheads to attack aircraft?

Answer 17

S - Special KE
S - Shaped Charges
S - Sub-projectiles
F -  Blast+Frag
F - Frag
B - Blast
C - Cluster

Question 18

7 Types of Armour?

Answer 18

• Reactive (ERA)
• Rolled Homogeneous Armour (RHA)
• Composite (chobham)
• Slat (bar)
• Spaced Homogeneous
• Ply
• Face Hardened

Question 19

5 Armour Damage Assessment Criteria:

Answer 19

Tanks:
M - Mobility Kill
F - Fire Power Kill
K - Completely Destroyed
APC/AFV/IFV/MICV
F - Firepower Kill
P - Payload Kill

Question 20

3 Types of Fragment Producers?

Answer 20

• Generic HE Projectiles
• Pre notched containers
• Pre formed fragmentation

Question 21

How can someone designing something control Frag Velocity:

Answer 21

• Amount of explosive behind the fragment wall
• Density of charge and VoD
• Density of wall material

Question 22

How does HESH work?

Answer 22

When the rebounding tension wave meets further primary shock waves this exceeds the strength of the plate and a large scab is detached from the rear surface.

Question 23

What is Reverse Impact Detonation (RID)?

Answer 23

• Detonation occurs before the fuze can produce detonation of the filling, the shock wave will be travelling in the wrong direction.

Question 24

Explain/describe Kinetic Energy Attack:

Answer 24

• Hitting the target armour with a projectile of sufficiently high velocity to achieve penetration.

Question 25

2 Types of DS?

Answer 25

Petal and Pot (PP)

Question 26

2 Ways of stablisation and diameter ratios for each?

Answer 26

Spin: 7:1 - Length:Diameter Fin: 15:1 - L:dia

Question 27

Define Shaped Charge:

Answer 27

A Charge shaped so as to concentrate its explosive force in a particular direction.

Question 28

How is a shaped charge achieved?

Answer 28

- Achieved by hollowing out the front face of a slab of HE to give a conical shape. - the energy from the detonation of the explosive is directed inwards and forwards as gaseous jet - If a metal liner is placed on the front of the HE charge it will collapse and be carried forward.

Question 29

6 Types of fuel for FAE?

Answer 29

``` P - Propylene oxide A - Acetylene E - Ethylene oxide B - Butane A - Aluminium K - Kerosene ```

Question 30

3 Types of Shot Failure?

Answer 30

- Barreling - Shattering - Lateral Bending

Question 31

Problems with attacks of combination KE&CE

Answer 31

- Initiating the CE source behind armour | - Due to intense shocks which any initiating mechanism is subjected to on initial impact and during penetration

Question 32

3 High Energy forms of Attack on Armour?

Answer 32

- KE - CE - Combination

Question 33

Ways to increase/enhance penetration for KE

Answer 33

- lengthening of Barrel - lengthening projectile - improve shot steadiness - rocket assist

Question 34

How much frag is wasted on aircraft attacks?

Answer 34

80%

Question 35

EFP's have a 1CD to .... what stand off distance?

Answer 35

1:1000 CD:stand off

Question 36

4 Behind Armour Effects (BAE)

Answer 36

H - Heat / Fires O - Overpressure L - Luminescence S - Spalling

Question 37

Define Deflagration:

Answer 37

Technnical term to describe subsonic combustion that usually propagates through thermal conductivity.

Question 38

Define Rarefaction:

Answer 38

The negative pressure phase following the positive phase. suction, pushing back towards the explosion site.

Question 39

Define Shattering:

Answer 39

- Raising the hardness of a steel shot, whilst increasing its compressive str, makes it brittle - on impact severe tensile hoops stresses are set up in the nose of the shot - at high striking velocities, the shot nose can fail under these stresses and longitudinal cracks are formed