Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochem > Test Three Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Test Three Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrate formula

A

Cn(H2O)n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Carbohydrates are produced by what and how

A

CO2 and H20 via photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Functions of carbohydrates

A

Energy source, energy storage, structural component of cell walls and exoskeletons, informational molecules in cell-cell signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What bond is used to for carbs to bond with glycoproteins and proteoglycans

A

Covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are aldoses

A

Carbs with aldehyde functional group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are ketoses

A

Carbs with ketone functional group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chiral carbs are represented by

A

Fischer projections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Horizontal bonds are pointed where in Fischer projection

A

Inward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vertical bonds are pointed where in Fischer projections

A

Outwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are isomers

A

Same chemical formula but different structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are diastereomers

A

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What makes diastereomers different

A

Different physical properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are epimers

A

Two sugars that differ only in the configuration around one carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Galactose is an epimer of what and where

A

Glucose at C4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mannose is an epimer of what and where

A

Glucose and at C2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fructose is what form of glucose

A

Ketose form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Example of aldose C3 molecule

A

Gyceraldehyde

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Example of C4 aldose

A

Erythrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Example of C5 aldoses

A

Ribose and deoxyribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Example of C6 aldoses

A

Glucose and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Example of C3 ketoses

A

Dihydroxyacetone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Example of C5 ketoses

A

Ribulose, xylulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Example of C6 ketoses

A

Fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Example of C7 ketoses

A

Sedoheptulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What part of aldoses and ketoses are electrophilic

A

Aldehyde and ketone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is nucleophilic to hemiacetals and hemiketals

A

Alcohol oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How do hemiacetals form

A

When aldehydes are attacked by alcohols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do hemiketals form

A

When ketones are attacked by alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Where is the anomer on aldoses

A

C1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where is the anomer on ketoses

A

C2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are pyranoses

A

Six membered oxygen containing rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are furanoses

A

Five membered oxygen containing ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is fehling’s test

A

Aldehyde can reduce Cu2+ to Cu+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is tollen’s test

A

Aldehyde can reduce Ag+ to Ag0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Function of fehling and tollens test

A

Detection of reducing sugars, such as glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the key intermediates in energy generation and biosynthesis

A

Phosphorylated sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Phosphorylation makes sugars what

A

Anionic bc the negative charge prevents these from spontaneously leaving the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Are there carriers for sugar phosphates in plasma membranes of cells

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is glycosidic bond

A

Anomeric carbon bonded to hydroxyl carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The glycosidic bond (acetal) between monomers is les what than the hemiacetal at the second monomer

A

Reactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The second monomer in the glycosidic bond with the hemiacetal is what

A

Reducing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The anomeric carbon involved in the glycosidic linkage is

A

Non-reducing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The disaccharide formed upon condensation of two glucose molecules via 1 to 4 bond is called

A

Maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How are disaccharides bonded together

A

Glycosidic bond between two anomeric carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the product of a glycosidic bond between two anomeric carbons

A

Two acetal groups and no hemiacetals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Are there any reducing ends in the glycosidic bond between two anomeric carbons

A

No this is a non-reducing sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is a constituent of hemolymph of insects that provides protection from drying

A

Trehalose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Are there templates to make polysaccharides like proteins

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Glycogen is a branched homopolysaccharide of what sugar

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the linkage of glycogen

A

Alpha 1-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the branch points in glycogen

A

Alpha 1-6 every 8 to 12 residues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Function of glycogen

A

Main storage polysaccharide in animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Starch is a mixture of what two homopolysaccharides

A

Amylose and amylopectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the main sugar in starch

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Is amylose branched or not

A

No branched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the linkage of amylose

A

Alpha 1 -4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Amylopectin is branched or unbranched

A

Branched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the linkage of amylopectin

A

Alpha 1-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is the branching of amylopectin

A

Alpha 1-6 every 24 to 30 residues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Function of starch

A

Main storage polysaccharide in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What are the effects of branching in polysaccharides

A

Increase solubility, more rapidly synthesized, more rapidly degraded, elevate blood glucose more rapidly, have better gelling properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

The alpha 1-4 linkage in starch and glycogen produces a

A

Hollow helix suitable got the formation of a compact, accessible store of glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What do glycogen and starch form in cells

A

Granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What do the granules in cells contain

A

Enzymes that synthesize and degrade polymers of carbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Glycogen and amylopectin have how many reducing ends and non reducing ends

A

One reducing but many non reducing ends

66
Q

Enzymatic processing occurs simultaneously in what type of ends

A

Nonreducing

67
Q

What is the monosaccharide in cellulose

A

Glucose

68
Q

What is the linkage of cellulose

A

Beta 1-4

69
Q

In cellulose what bond is formed between adjacent monomers

A

Hydrogen bonds

70
Q

What does the H bonds do in cellulose

A

More tough, water insoluble

71
Q

What is the most abundant polysaccharide in nature

A

Cellulose

72
Q

Why is cellulose a difficult substrate to act on

A

Fibrous structure and water insolubility

73
Q

Why can’t animals use cellulose as fuel source

A

Lack cellulose to hydrolyze beta 1-4 linkages

74
Q

Is chitin branched or unbranched

A

Unbranched

75
Q

What is the monosaccharide of chitin

A

N-acetylglucosamine

76
Q

What is the linkage of chitin

A

Beta 1-4

77
Q

what does chitin have that gives it the quality of hard, insoluble

A

Extended fibers

78
Q

Where is chitin found

A

In cell walls of mushrooms, exoskeletons

79
Q

Agar is a heteropolysaccharide containing

A

Modified galactose units

80
Q

Function of agar

A

Component of cell wall in seaweed

81
Q

What is a component of agar

A

Agarose

82
Q

Amylose homo or hetero

A

Homo

83
Q

Amylopectin homo or hetero

A

Homo

84
Q

Glycogen homo or hetero

A

Homo

85
Q

Cellulose homo or hetero

A

Homo

86
Q

Chitin homo or hetero

A

Homo

87
Q

Dextran homo or hetero

A

Homo

88
Q

Dextran branched or unbranched

A

Branched

89
Q

What is linkage of dextran

A

Alpha 1-6

90
Q

Branching of dextran

A

Alpha 1-3

91
Q

Peptidoglycan homo or hetero

A

Hetero

92
Q

Agarose homo or hetero

A

Hetero

93
Q

Hyaluronan homo or hetero

A

Hetero

94
Q

Function of dextran

A

In bacteria, extracellular adhesive

95
Q

Function of peptidoglycan

A

In bacteria, gives rigidity and strength to cell envelope

96
Q

Hyaluronan function

A

In vertebrates, extracellular matrix of skin and CT, viscosity and lubrication in joints

97
Q

Heparan sulfate is attached to

A

Protein

98
Q

What is the highest negative charge density biomolecule

A

Heparan sulfate due to carboxylate and sulfate groups

99
Q

Function of heparin and heparan sulfate

A

Prevent blood clotting by activating protease inhbitor called antithrombin

100
Q

If heparin and heparan sulfate binds to various cells what can occur

A

Regulate development and formation of blood vessels

101
Q

What happens when heparin and heparan sulfate binds to viruses and bacteria

A

Decrease their virulence

102
Q

How are glycoproteins formed

A

Carbs linked to proteins

103
Q

What are the three main classes of glycoproteins

A

Glycoproteins, proteoglycans, mucins or mucoproteins

104
Q

Components of glycoproteins

A

Protein greater than carb

105
Q

Proteoglycan components

A

Carbs greater than protein

106
Q

Mucins/ mucoproteins components

A

Carb greater than protein

107
Q

Erythropoietin is a

A

Glycoprotein hormone in the blood serum

108
Q

EPO is used for what treatment

A

Anemia induced by cancer chemotherapy and HIV

109
Q

EPO is secreted by

A

The kidneys

110
Q

Function of EPO

A

Stimulates the production of RBCs

111
Q

EPO is

N-glycosylated at what residues

A

3 asparagine

112
Q

EPO is O-glycosylated on what residue

A

Serine

113
Q

What enhances EPOs stability in blood and its activity

A

Glycosylation

114
Q

What is used by endurance athletes to cheat in sports

A

EPO

115
Q

In proteoglycans, the protein is attached to a particular type of polysaccharide called

A

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)

116
Q

Function of proteoglycans

A

Lubricants and structural components in CT and mediate the adhesion of cells to the extracellular matrix and bind factors that stimulate cell proliferation

117
Q

GAGs are made up of

A

Linear polymers of repeating disaccharide units

118
Q

What are the monomers in GAGs

A

Acetylated amino sugar that is either N-acetyl-glucosamine or N-acetyl-galactosamine or is a negatively charged/acidic sugar that is uronic acids or sulfate esters

119
Q

What minimizes charge repulsion in GAGs

A

Extended hydrated molecule

120
Q

GAGs forms mesh work with fibrous proteins to form

A

Extracellular matrix

121
Q

Explain GAG in relaxed state

A

Negative charge residues repel other GAGs and surround itself with water, more hydrated

122
Q

Explain compressed state of GAGs

A

Removal of water, become smaller

123
Q

Proteoglycan aggregates are made up of

A

Hyaluronan and aggrecan that are noncovalently bonded

124
Q

Function of proteoglycan aggregates

A

Holds water to provide lubrication, load balancing, decrease friction and covers joint surfaces of articular cartilage

125
Q

What are the key proteoglycan components of cartilage

A

Aggrecan and collagen

126
Q

Function of aggrecan in cartilage

A

Shock absorber due to being hydrated

127
Q

What can result from proteolytic degradation of aggrecan and collagen in the cartilage

A

Osteoarthritis

128
Q

Function of extracellular matrix

A

Strength, elasticity and physical barrier in tissues

129
Q

What are the main components in extracellular matrix

A

Proteoglycan aggregates, collagen fibers, and elastin

130
Q

What enzymes do tumor cells secrete to degrade extracellular matrix

A

Matrix metalloproteinases and heparinases

131
Q

Example of integral proteins that proteoglycans in ECM

A

Syndecans

132
Q

Example of integral membrane proteins that are receptors for extracellular proteoglycans

A

Integrins

133
Q

Integrins link cellular cytoskeleton to the ECM and transmit signals into the cell to regulate

A

Cell growth, mobility, apoptosis, and wound healing

134
Q

Where does O-linkage occur in glycoproteins

A

Serine or threonine

135
Q

Where do N-linkages occur in glycoproteins

A

Asparagine

136
Q

What oligosaccharides are used for cell recognition

A

Lectin

137
Q

In mucins, the protein component is extensively glycosylated to

A

Serine or threonine residues by N-acetylgalactosamine

138
Q

Where do you find mucins

A

Saliva to help with lubrication

139
Q

Mucins can adhere to what

A

Epithelial cells and act as a protective barrier and hydrate the underlining cells

140
Q

Mucins are overexpressed in what diseases

A

Bronchitis and cystic fibrosis

141
Q

Mucins overexpression is a characteristic of

A

Adenocarcinomas

142
Q

Substrate of alpha amylase

A

Starch

143
Q

Products of alpha amylase

A

Limit dextrin, increase maltose, maltotriose, isomaltose

144
Q

Linkage in alpha amylase

A

Alpha 1-4

145
Q

Substrate of sucrase

A

Sucrose

146
Q

Product of sucrase

A

Glucose and fructose

147
Q

Linkage of sucrase

A

Alpha 1-2

148
Q

Lactase substrate

A

Lactose

149
Q

Product of lactase

A

Galactose

150
Q

Linkage of lactase

A

Beta 1-4

151
Q

Transporter SGT absorbs what

A

Glucose and galactose

152
Q

Transporter SGT (Na-glucose symporter is found where in cell

A

Apical surface

153
Q

Glut 5 is found where on cell

A

Apical

154
Q

Glut5 absorbs and releases

A

Fructose

155
Q

Glut2 is found where

A

Basal surface of cell

156
Q

Glut2 releases what

A

Glucose and galactose

157
Q

What is needed for glucose to enter into cell

A

Na+

158
Q

Na-K ATPase found where in cell

A

Basal

159
Q

Na-A.A. symporters function

A

Dietary amino acid absorption

160
Q

What is lactose intolerance

A

Lack or deficiency of lactase

Biochem (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions