Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Urology > Testis & Scrotum Disorders > Flashcards

Testis & Scrotum Disorders Flashcards

(68 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Define Cryptorchidism

A

Undescended testes or absent testes (agenesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pathology of Cryptorchidism

A

Undescended testicles remain in the lower abdomen or at a point of descent into the inguinal canal
Scrotal sac is empty
Spontaneous decent in first 3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pathologic Changes to the Undescended Testicle Demonstrated at 6-12 Months

A

Delay in germ cell development
Changes in spermatic tubules
Reduces number of Leydig cells
Morphologic changes in contralateral descended testicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Consequences of Cryptorchidism

A

Infertility
Increased risk of malignancy
Indirect inguinal hernias
Increased incidence of testicular torsions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cryptorchidism & Infertility

A

Increases if disorder is bilateral
Decreased sperm counts
Poorer quality sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Exam & Diagnosis of Cryptorchidism

A

Careful exam of genitalia in male infants
Differentiate from retractable testes
Diagosis: ultrasound, laparoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Treatment Goals of Cryptorchidism

A

Enhance future fertility potential
Placement of the gonad in a favorable place for cancer detection
Improved cosmetic appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treatment of Cryptorchidism

A

Orchiopexy after 6 months of life

Lifelong follow-up: infertility & testicular cancer issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define Hydrocele

A

Excess fluid collects between the layers of the tunica vaginalis usually peritoneal fluid due to a weakness in the patent processes vaginalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Causes of Hydrocele

A

Primary congenital defect

Secondary condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Primary Congenital Defect with a Hydrocele

A

Associated with indirect inguinal hernia

Persist beyond 2 years: surgical treatment indicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Secondary Causes of Hydrocele

A 
Trauma
Epididymitis
Testicular torsion
Orchitis
Infection
Testicular cancer
Appendiceal torsion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hydrocele on Palpation

A

Palpated a cystic masses
Can become quite large
Mass can be mistaken for a solid tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diagnosis of Hydrocele

A

Ultrasound

Trans-illuminate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define Trans-illumination

A

Shining a light through the scrotum for the purposed of visualizing its internal structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ultrasound in Diagnosis of Hydrocele

A

Determination of underlying conditions

Evaluate if can not transilluminate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hydrocele in a Young Man

A

Should be considered cancer until proven otherwise

Careful evaluation needed to exclude cancer or infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hydrocele in an Adult Male

A

Relatively benign condition
Often asymptomatic
Feeling of heaviness in scrotum
Pain in the lower back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Treatment of Primary Causes of a Hydrocele

A

If painful or cosmetically undesirable, surgical correction is indicated
Inguinally or transcrotally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Treatment of Secondary Causes of a Hydrocele

A

Treat condition causing hydrocele

If communicating with peritoneal cavity then surgery is necessary to close the defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define Hematocele

A

Accumulation of blood in the tunica vaginalis

Can compromise testicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Etiologies of a Hematocele

A

Abdominal surgical procedure
Scrotal trauma
Bleeding disorder
Testicular tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Define Spermatocele

A

Painless, sperm-containing cyst that forms on the epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where is a spermatocele located?

A

Above & posterior to the testes

Attached to epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Define Varicocele
Varicosities of the pampiniform plexus
26
Highest incidence of Varicoceles
15-35 years old | Rare before puberty
27
Which side are varicoceles more common?
Left due to left gonadal vein inserts into the left renal vein
28
Symptoms of Varicocele
``` Asymptomatic Dull aching Atrophy Infertility Abnormal feeling of heaviness in the left when standing and relieved when recombent ```
29
Diagnosis of Varicocele
Exam with patient in standing & recumbent position Disappears in supine position Feels like "a bag of worms"
30
Treatment of Varicocele
``` Surgical ligation of the gonadal vein Embolization of veins Obliteration of the dilated veins NSAIDs Scrotal support ```
31
Benefits of Obliteration of the Dilated Veins
Some improvement in infertility Relief of the "heavy" feeling Cosmetic improvement
32
Define Testicular Torsion
Twisting of the spermatic cord that suspends the testis
33
2 Age Peaks of Testicular Torsion
Perinatal | Prepubertal
34
Testicular Torsion in Neonates
Less common Firm, smooth painless scrotal mass Scrotal skin appears red Some edema
35
Testicular Torsion in Pediatrics & Adolescents
True surgical emergency Rotates on long axis of the tunica vaginalis Cuts off blood supply to the testis Early recognition & treatment essential
36
Symptoms of Testicular Torsion
``` Severe distress within hours of onset Accompanied with N/V Tachycardia Large, firm & tender testes Pain radiates to inguinal area Testicle high inscrotum & in abnormal orientation Cremasteric reflex frequently absent Degree of swelling & redness depends on duration of the symptoms ```
37
Imaging in Testicular Torsion
Color doppler ultrasonography Attempt manual detorsion: "opening a book" Referral to urology
38
Treatment of Testicular Torsion
Surgical detorsion Orchiopexy Orchiectomy: when deemed nonviable
39
Two Major Types of Epididymitis
STIs | Primary non-sexually transmitted infections
40
Epididymitis Due to STIs
Associated with young men, urethritis Gonorrhea Chlamydia
41
Epididymitis Due to Primary Non-sexually Transmitted INfections
Associated with UTIs, prostatitis, & men over 35 E. coli Pseudomonas Gram-positive cocci
42
Other Causes of Epididymitis
Post vasectomy: congestion in epididymis | Trauma
43
Define Epididymitis
Unilateral pain & swelling in the epididymis over a period of days Inflammation of the epididymis
44
Symptoms of Epididymitis
Erythema & edema of overlying scrotal skin Tenderness over the groin or lower abdomen Fever Dysuria Urethral discharge (gonococcal)
45
Labs to Identify Epididymitis
``` CBC UA & culture Urethral culture Urine NAAT Gram stain ```
46
Treatment of Epididymitis
Scrotal elevation & support Antibiotics appropriate to age, physical findings, UA, cultures or gram's stain, sex history Oral analgesics & antipyretics Sexual activity or physical strain should be avoided
47
Define Hypogonadism
Testosterone deficiency with associated symptoms or signs, deficiency of spermatozoa production or both
48
Etiology of Primary Hypogonadism
Failure of testes to respond to FSH & LH Testosterone is low to inhibit FSH & LH Klinefelters syndrome
49
Etiology of Secondary Hypogonadism
Failure of hypothalamus to produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or pituitary gland to produce enough FSH & LH
50
3 Categories of Hypogonadism
Congenital Childhood-onset Adult-onset
51
Congenital Hypogonadism Signs & Symptoms
1st trimester: results in inadequate male sexual differentiation 2nd & 3rd trimester: results in microphallus & undescended testes
52
Childhood-onset Hypogonadism Signs & Symptoms
Impairs development of secondary sexual characteristics
53
Signs & Symptoms of Childhood-onset Hypogonadism as Adults
``` Poor muscle development High-pitched voice Small scrotum Decreased penis & testicular growth Sparse pubic & axillary hair ```
54
Adult-Onset Hypogonadism Signs & Symptoms
Decreased libido Erectile Dysfunction Depression & anger
55
Diagnosis of Hypogonadism
FSH LH Free/total testosterone levels
56
Treatment of Hypogonadism
Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT)
57
Adverse Effects of Hypogonadism
``` Erythrocytosis Venous thromboembolism Acne Gynecomastia Low sperm counts ```
58
Administration of Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT)
``` Gel Transdermal axillary solution Transdermal patch Sub-Q implants IM injections ```
59
Define Infertility
Inability to get pregnant after trying for at least 1 year
60
Causes of Infertility
Blockage of the reproductive system Medicines Undescended testicles Infections
61
Male Factors of Infertility
Pre-testicular Testicular Post-testicular
62
Medical History of Infertility
Previous semen analysis Erectile dysfunction or other sexual dysfunction Trauma Previous pregnancies
63
Physical Exam to Determine Infertility
``` Testicular size Vas deferens Spermatic cord Penis Rectum Body habitus ```
64
Diagnosis of Infertility
``` Semen analysis Antisperm antibody test Hormonal analysis Transrectal ultrasound Scrotal ultrasound ```
65
Semen Analysis
``` Semen volume: 2-5 mL pH level: 7.2-7.8 Sperm density: 20M/mL Motility: >50% forward progressive Morphology: >60% ```
66
Treatment of Infertility
``` Boxer shorts Avoid hot tubs Timing of intercourse Avoid illegal drugs, chemicals & spermicidals Medications Surgical ```
67
Medications for Infertility
Clomiphene citrate (Clomid) Imipramine: retrograde ejaculation Zoloft: premature ejaculation
68
Surgical Options for Infertility
Varicocelectomy Vasovasostomy Testicular biopsy (TESE) Transurethral resection of ejaculatory ducts

Urology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions