What is the definition of learning?
Learning is a change in behavior as a result of experience.
What is the learning theory? (2 Types)
- Behaviorism - Explains behavior from observable and measurable responses to stimuli.
- Cognitive Theory - Focuses on what’s going on inside the mind. Two different approaches - Information Processing Model and Constructivism.
What does all learning come from?
Perceptions
What is a perception?
When someone gives meaning to stimulus by one or more of the five senses.
What are the factors that affect perception?
GSTEP
- Goals and Values - Every student has different beliefs and values. Knowing these values helps the instructor predict how a student will interpret experiences and instruction.
- Self-Concept - Positive or negative, this affects the ability to perform or do things favorably or unfavorably. Students with positive self-concept are more receptive to new lessons and experiences.
- Time and Opportunity - The ability to learn some things is dependent upon other perceptions. Plan a proper syllabus, in the correct order for optimum learning.
- Element of Threat - Fear adversely affects learning. Instructor must teach to fit the psychological needs of a student. If a situation overwhelms a student, he or she may feel threatened.
- Physical Organism - This is the individual’s ability to sense the world around them.
What are the steps of acquiring knowledge?
- Memorization - When you are exposed to a new concept, you tend to acquire and memorize facts.
- Understanding - Organize your knowledge to gain an understanding of the things you’ve memorized.
- Application - The ability to apply your knowledge to solve problems and make decisions.
What are the laws of learning?
- Readiness - Students learn best when they are ready to learn.
- Exercise - Things most often repeated are best remembered.
- Effect - Learning is strengthened by a positive experience and weakened by a negative one.
- Primacy - First-learned is best learned. Teach it right the first time.
- Intensity - Students learn better from the real thing than from a substitute.
- Recency - Things most recently learned are best remembered.
What are the different domains of learning?
- Cognitive Domain (Thinking)
- Affective Domain (Feeling)
- Psychomotor Domain (Doing)
What are the four levels of learning in the cognitive domain?
- Rote - Students can memorize/read back what has been taught (lowest level).
- Understanding - Student understands principles and theory behind the knowledge.
- Application - Student understands theory and can correctly apply what has been learned.
- Correlation - Student associates learned elements with other/future segments of learning.
What are the five educational objective levels of the Affective domain?
- Awareness - Student is open to learning/training, and willing to listen to instructor.
- Response - Student responds by active participation in training, and compliance with instructions.
- Value - Student determines value of training, and chooses whether to accept it.
- Organizing - Student organizes the training within their personal belief system.
- Integration - Student internalizes training, and incorporates that value into their life.
What is the Psychomotor domain?
It is a skill based domain that includes physical movement, coordination, and motor skills.
What are the four main instructional levels of Psychomotor domain?
- Observation - The learner observes a more experienced person (the instructor) perform the skill. The learner observes the steps and relationships that produce the finished product/desired outcome.
- Imitation - In this step, the learner attempts to copy the skill, while the instructor observes.
- Practice - The practice level builds proficiency; the learner tries performing a skill again and again. This may be done without the presence of instructor.
- Habit - This level is reached when the student can perform the skill in twice the time it takes the instructor or an expert to perform the same skill.
What are the characteristics of learning?
PEAM:
1. Learning is PURPOSEFUL. Student learn when they have a clear purpose or goal.
2. Learning is a result of EXPERIENCE. Students learn through individual experiences.
3. Learning is an ACTIVE process. To learn, students must actively react and respond.
4. Learning is MULTIFACETED. Verbal, conceptual, perceptual, motor skills, emotion, and problem solving: sometimes this is called
“incidental learning”.
What are the stages of acquiring skill knowledge?
- Cognitive Stage : Student memorized steps to perform a skill. Requires all of the student’s attention.
- Associative Stage : Student practices the skill, can now assess, and make changes in performance.
- Automatic Response Stage : Student’s performance is rapid and smooth, few corrections; might even be able to do other things while performing the skill. Student has developed a feel for the skill.
What are the different types of practice?
- Deliberate : Student practices specific areas for improvement and receives specific feedback after the practice, to evaluate their performance against the level of performance sought.
- Blocked : Practicing the same skill over and over, until it is automatic. Enhances current performance, but does not improve concept learning or long-term learning/memory.
- Random : Mixing up the skills to be acquired during the practice session. Promotes better retention, and student can recognize the similarities and differences between skills, making it more meaningful.
What is scenario-based training?
Practicing realistic scenarios during training. It is very useful and better resembles training environment.
What does a good scenario have?
A good scenario has a clear set of objectives, is tailored to the needs of the student, and capitalizes on the nuances of the local environment.
What are the two types of errors?
- Slip - When a person plans to do one thing, but inadvertently does something else. Slips are errors of action.
- Mistake - When a person unwittingly plans to do the wrong thing and is successful. Mistakes are errors of thought.
What are some ways to reduce errors?
DRLUCT
- Developing Routines - Use standardized procedures, cockpit flows, etc.
- Raising Awareness - Beware of “out of the ordinary” situations, changing conditions, unfamiliar airport, etc.
- Learning and Practicing - Higher knowledge and skill leads to lower frequency and magnitude of error.
- Using Reminders - Checklists, heading bugs, altitude alerts, etc.
- Checking for Errors - You should be actively looking for errors, such as in preflight checklists.
- Taking Time - Don’t rush. Performing at a faster/unfamiliar pace increases the likelihood of errors.
What are the different parts of the memory?
- Sensory Register - Receives input from the five senses, processes quickly.
- Short-Term Memory (Working) - Received from sensory register, remains or fades depending on individual’s priorities.
- Long-Term Memory - Where information is stored for future use (recall).
What are theories of forgetting?
RIDS
- Repression - People unconsciously forget unpleasant feelings from a negative experience.
- Interference - People forget because new experiences overshadow prior experiences.
- Disuse - States that a person forgets those things that are not used. Also called fading or decay.
- Suppression - Similar to repression, except that suppression is a conscious form of forgetting.
What are the five principles that have a direct impact on retention of learning?
- Praise Stimulates Remembering. Responses which give a pleasurable return tend to be repeated.
- Recall is promoted by Association - Information associated with something to be learned aids recall.
- Favorable Attitudes Aid Retention - People learn and remember only what they wish to know.
- Learning With All Senses is Most Effective. Use all senses for greater understanding and recall.
- Meaningful Repetition Aids Recall - Practice and repetition provide opportunity for better retention.
