Topic 102 - Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Words to include

Answer

A

Automated control
Effector function
Efferentation
Somatic motor system
- Somatic efferent
Autonomic
- Involuntary action
Visceral
- Cardiac muscles
- Smooth muscles
- Exocrine glands
- Endocrine gland
- Enteric nervous system
Behavior
- Food-intake
- Excretion
- Heat production
- Reproduction
Vegetative
- Metabolic processes
Centeal components of ANS
- Cortex
- Limbic system
- Hypothalamus
- Brain stem
- Medulla oblongata
- Spinal cord
Final common efferent
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
Peripheral neuron
- Individual ganglion
- Intramural ganglion
Efferentation postganglionic
- (C-type) fiber
Efferentation pregangionic
- (B-type) fiber
Afferentation
ANS elements in CNS
- Cortex
  - External stimuli
  - Behavioral response
  - Frontal cortex
  - Parietal association cortex
- Limbic system
  - Behavioral response
  - Emotional response
  - Vegetative functions
- Pons & medulla
  - Respiration
  - Circulation
  - Digestion
- Hypothalamus
  - Internal stimuli
  - Endocrine system connection
    - Hypophyseal hormones
      - Inhibiting factors
  - Heat production
  - Osmotic homeostasis
  - Endogenous rhythms
  - Hunger
  - Thirst
  - Internal clock
  - Reproduction
- Nuclei of crainal nerves
  - Parasympathetic afferent autonomic neurons
  - Parasympathetic efferent autonomic neurons
  - III (n. oculomotorius)
  - VII (n. facialis)
  - IX (n. glossopharyngeus)
  - X (n. vagus)
Neurotransmitters
- preganglionic axons
  - Acetylcholine
- Main integrator
  - Postganglionic neuron
    - Preganglionic neuron
    - Visceral afferents
    - Enteric nervous system
- Postganglionic sympathetic neurons
  - Norepinephrine
  - Acetylcholine
  - Co-transmitters
    - Postganglionic axon
- Postganglionic parasympathetic transmission
  - Acetylcholine
  - Muscarinic Ach receptors
- Sympathetic endocrine signals
  - Epinephrine
- Sympathetic transmitter signals
  - Epinephrine
  - Dopamine
Cell surface receptor
- Alpha
- Beta
- D1
- D2
Preganglionic transmission
- Main integrator
  - Postganglionic neuron
- Pregnagionic neuron
- Collaterals
- Visceral afferents
- Enteric nervous system
- Pregangionic synapse
  - Acetylcholine vesicles
  - Acetylcholine
    - Choline
      - Preganglionic axon
    - Acetylcholinestherase enzyme

Sympathetic ANS

Sympathetic nervous system
Fight-or-fight response
Peripheral sympathetic ANS
- Mobilization
  - Redistribution of blood
  - Vasodilation
    - Smooth muscles
    - Skeletal muscles
- Thoracolumbar spinal cord segment (location)
  - Intermediomedial nuclei
    - Thoracolumbar grey matter
      - Preganglionic neuron
        
        Myelinated (B-type) preganglionic fibers
        
        Ventral root
        
        Paravertebral sympathetic ganglia
        
        Postganglionic neuron
        
        Unmyelinated (C-type) postganglionic fiber
        
        Ventral root
        
        White rami
        
        Sympathetic gangial
        Walls of innervated organs
Sympathetic efferentation
- Intermediolateral cell
Preganglionic fibers → postganglionic neurons
Sympathetic postgangionic fibers
- Eye
- Lacrimal gland
- Salivary glands
- Heart
- Lung
- Stomach
- Liver
- Pancreas
- Kidney
- Intestine
- Rectum
- Urinary bladder
- Genital organs
Sympathetic postgangionic trasnmission
- Postgangionic cell
  - Preganglionic fiber
  - Feed-back of visceral afferents
  - Enteric nervous system
- Neurotransmitter
  - Norepinephrine
    - Adrenergic receptor
      - Alpha receptor
      - Beta receptor
  - Peptiderg synaptic cotransmission
    - Peptide receptor
- Varicosity
  - Final transmission
  - Specific peptide cotransmitters
    - Somatosin
    - Galanin
    - NPY
    - Encephalins
    - ATP

Parasympathetic ANS

Rest-and-digest
Feed-and-breed
Rest
Cranial part
- Nuclei of cranial nerves (parasympathetic preganglionic neuron)
  - III (n. oculomotorius)
  - VII (n. facialis)
  - IX (n. glossopharyngeus)
  - X (n. vagus)
- Postganglionic neuron
  - Wall of innervated tissue
Sacral part
- Parasympathetic preganglionic neuron
  - Grey matter, intermediomedial region
    - S1-S3
- Axon of preganglionic neuron
  - Wall of innervated organ
Long strait pregangionic axon
Short postganglionic axon
- Several collaterals
Dorsal root
- Visceral afferent fibers
  - C-type
  - Unmyelinated
- Somatosensory fibers
- Pseudounipolar neuron
- Spinal ganglion
Energy stores (↑)
Processing food
- GI motility & secretion (↑)
Parasympathetic vasodilation
- Pia mater
- Corpus ciliaris
- Salivary glands
- Erectile tissues
Spinal parasympathetic division
- Pregangionic cells
  - Sacral spinal cord
    - Intermedioradial region
  - N. splanchnicus
- Postgangionic cells
  - Plexus pelvicus
Parasympathetic postganglionic transmission
- Postgangionic fibers
  - Target cell
    - ACh release
    - m-AchR
      - M1 type
      - M2 type
      - M3 type
    - Activation
    - Inhibition

Question 2

Q

Topics to include in the essay

Answer

A

Role of ANS
Terms for ANS
ANS elements in CNS
Neurotransmitters in ANS
Preganglionic transmission
Sympathetic ANS
- Peripheral sympathetic ANS
- Sympathetic postganglionic transmission
Parasympathetic ANS
- General structures of parasympathetic system
- Parst of PNS
  - Cranial part
  - Sacral part
- Parasympathetic postgangionic transmission

Question 3

Q

What is ANS responsible for?

Answer

A

Automated control of metabolic processes
Connection between the organism and the external environment
Mainly effector function
Efferentation is independent from the somatic motor system

Question 4

Q

Which terms describes the ANS?

Answer

A

Autonomic: has essentially involuntary actions
Visceral: controls mainly the visceral organs
Vegetative: controls the metabolism required to maintain the life of the organism

Question 5

Q

ANS elements in the CNS

Answer

A

ANS in cortex
- The frontal cortex and parietal association cortex integrates information coming from receptors sensing the external stimuli initiating behavioral response
- Affects the viscera indirectly through lower centers of ANS
ANS in limbic system
- Behavioral response
- Emotional response
- Related to vegetative functions
ANS in hypothalamus
- Integration of internal stimuli
- Connection to the endocrine system
  - Controlling hypophyseal hormones by:
    - Inhibiting factors
    - Releasing factors
- Role:
  - Internal clock
  - Reproductive functions
  - Heat production
  - Osmotic homeostasis
  - Endogenous rhythms
  - Hunger
  - Thirst
  - Species-specific behvior
ANS in nuclei
- The nuclei of selected cranial nerves contain afferent and efferent autonomic (parasympathetic) neurons
  - III. n. oculomotorius
  - VII. n. facialis
  - IX. n. glossopharyngeus
  - X. n. vagus
ANS in pons and medulla
- Center essential for life
- Role:
  - Respiration
  - Circulation
  - Vomiting
  - Belching
  - Sneezing
  - Rumination
  - Salivation

Question 6

Q

Neurotransmitters in the ANS

Answer

A

The peripheral (sympathetic and parasympathetic) transmission is build up by:
1. Transmitter of pregangionic axion: Acetylcholine
  - Binds to neural nicotinic Ach receptor (n-AchR)
2. Main integrator: Postganglionic neuron
3. Transmission in the postganglionic sympathetic neurons:
  - Norepinephrin (95%)
  - Acetylcholine (5%)
4. Postganglionic parasympathetic transmission uses:
  - Acetylcholine
  - Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (m-AchR)
5. Sympathetic endocrine signals (epinephrine) and transmitter signals (norepinephrine & dopamine) cause the opposite effect on the target cells
  - Dependeing on the type of cell surface receptors

Question 7

Q

Preganglionic transmission

Answer

A

Main integrator: Postganglionic neuron
Postganglionic neuronreceives information frompreganglionic neuronandcollaterals of:
- Visceral afferents
- Enteric nervous system
Preganglionic synapse contains acetylcholine vesicles
- From acetylcholine only choline is taken up by the preganglionic axon
- Acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft binds to the receptor, or metabolized by acetylcholinestherase enzyme

Question 8

Q

Sympathetic ANS

Function

Answer

A

Function: moblilzation
1. Redistribution of blood in the circulation
2. Vasodliation of smooth muscles and skeletal muscles
3. Result: Redistribution of the circulating blood into the skeletal muscle according to the increased needs

Question 9

Q

Sympathetic ANS

Type of response

Answer

A

Fight-or-flight response

Question 10

Q

Sympathetic ANS

Peripheral sympathetic ANS: location

Answer

A

Location: thoracolumbar spinal cord segment
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the thoracolumbar grey matter in the intermediomedial nuclei
- Myelinated (B-type) preganglionic fibers
  - Leave the spinal cord through the ventral root → paraverterbral sympathetic ggl → postganglionic neuron
- Unmyelinated (C-type) postganglionic fiber
  - Returns to the ventral root through white rami
- Sympathetic ggl. is located in the walls of the innervated organs

Sympathetic efferentation starts at the intermediolateral cell of the thoracolumbar spinal cord
Preganglionic fibers leaves the spinal cord → postganglionic neurons that extends to the target organ
Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are innervating:
1. Eye (m. dilatator pupillae)
2. Lacrimal gland
3. Heart
4. Lung
5. Stomach
6. Gut
7. Liver
8. Pancreas
9. Adrenal gland
10. Kidney
11. Rectum
12. Urinary bladder
13. Genital organs

Question 11

Q

Sympathetic ANS

Peripheral sympathetic ANS: sympathetic postganglionic transmission

Answer

A

Postganglionic cell integrates the information from:
- Preganglionic fibers
- Feedback of the visceral afferents
- Enteric nervous system
Postganglionic fiber reaches the tissue after several divisions, and the neurotransmitters are released in varcosisites of the axon collaterals along the tissue
Main neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine
- Released alone or with other peptide transmitters: peptiderg synapsic contrasmission
- Released peptides modify the effect of norepinephrine, and makes the effect specific
Varcosity: place of final transmission
- Norepinephrine is synthesized and released, and binds to alpha receptor and beta receptor of the target cell
Not consumed norepinephrine is taken up by varcosities
Varcosity contains specific peptide contransmitters:
- Somatosin
- Galanin
- NPY
- Encephalins
- ATP

Question 12

Q

Parasympathetic ANS

Type of response

Answer

A

Rest-and-digest / feed-and-breed

Occurs when the body is at rest, especially after eating

Question 13

Q

Parasympathetic ANS

Parasympathetic division

Answer

A

Divided into cranial and sacral parts

Cranial part:
- Parasympathetic preganglionic neuron is located near the nuclei of the cranial nerves:
  - III. n. oculomotorius
  - VII. n. facialis
  - IX. n. glossopharyngeus
  - X. n. vagus
- Postganglionic neuron can be found in the wall of the innervated tissue
Sacral part:
- Sacral part of parasymp. preganglionic neuron is located in the grey matter in the intermediomedial region of S1-S3
- Axon of preganglionic neuron is extended to the wall of the innervated organ
- General feature of parasymp. division:
  - Long straight preganglionic axon
  - Short postganglionic axon giving several collaterals
Spinal parasympathetic division originates from preganglionic cells in the intermediomedial region of the sacral spinal cord
- Contributing nerve: n. splanchnicus
- Switching over of the postganglionic cells happens in the plexus pelvicus

Question 14

Q

Parasympathetic ANS

Parasympathetic postganglionic transmission

Answer

A

Postganglionic fibers transmits the information to the target cell by acetylcholine release
Target cell receptor: m-AChR
Effect of acetylcholine depends on the type of muscarinic receptors
- M1
- M2
- M3

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Topic 102 - Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

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