Topic 3 - Factors influencing the EC and IC compartments; anelectrolite and electrolite components of the blood plasma

Question 1

Words to include in factors influencing EC and IC compartments

Answer 1

• Balance
• Ions (95% of solutes)
• Electroneutality
• Osmotic pressure
  
  • Driving force
  • Van’t Hoff principle
    
    • P = C x R x T
      
      • Osmotic pressure (P)
      • Concentration of dissolved substances (C)
      • General gas constant (R)
      • Temperature (T)
    • P = r x C x R x T
      
      • Reflected coefficient (r)
      • Semipermable membrane (r = 1)
• Molarity
  
  • mol/l
  • Anelectorlites
    
    • Osmotic pressure: 2.27 MPa
• Osmolarity
  
  • 1 osmol/l = 6x10²³ dissolved substance/liter
• Molarity
  
  • mol/kg
  • Freezing point depression
  • Anelectrolites
    
    • Concentration is related to freezing point depression
  • Electrolites
    
    • Multiplied by dissociation constant
• Osmolality
  
  • Osmotic effecto of electrolites and anelectrolites
  • 1 osmol/kg = 6x10²³ dissolved substance/kg solvent
  • Blood plasma
    
    • 0.56 ˚C
    • 3000 mosmol/kg
  • Dilute anelectrolite solutions
    
    • mosmol/kg = mmol/kg
  • Complete dissociation
    
    • mosmol/kg = mmol/kg x number of dissociated ions
  • Concentrated solutions
    
    • Mosmol/kg = mmol/kg x g
      
      • Osmotic coefficient (g)
• Oncotic pressure
  
  • Colloidosmotic pressure
    
    • Proteins
    • Colloid particles

Question 2

Words to include in anelectrolite and electrolite components of the blood plasma

Answer 2

• Anelectrolite components of blood plasma
  
  • Glucose
    
    • 5 mmol/l (monogastric animals)
    • 2-4 mmol/l (ruminants)
    • 10 mmol/l (birds)
  • Urea
    
    • 3-10 mmol/l
  • Non-protein nitrogen (NPN)
    
    • 15-25 mmol/l
• Electrolites in plasma
  
  • Plasma cations
    
    • Na⁺
    • K^​+
    • Mg²⁺
    • Ca²⁺
  • Plasma anions
    
    • Cl^-
    • HCO₃^-
    • Protein
    • Phosphate
    • Sulphate
    • Organic acids
  • Osmolality
    
    • Total electrolyte content
    • Freezing point depression
• Plasma proteins
  
  • Osmotic pressure
    
    • MPa
  • Oncotic pressure
    
    • kPa
    • Freezing point depression
  • Molarity
  • Quantifying
    
    • Kjeldahl method
• Non-protein nitrogen (NPN)
  
  • Urea
  • Amino acids
  • Creatin
  • Creatinin
  • Uric acid
  • Peptides

Question 3

Topics to include in the essay

Answer 3

1. Factors influencing EC and IC compartments
   
   • Osmotic pressure
   • Molarity
   • Osmolarity
   • Molality
   • Osmolality
   • Oncotic pressure
2. Anelectrolite and electrolite components of the blood plasma
   
   • Aneclectrolite components of blood plasma
   • Electrolite in blood plasma
     
     • Quantity of plasma proteins

Question 4

Factors influencing EC and IC compartments

Name the factors

Answer 4

1. Osmotic pressure
2. Molarity
3. Osmolarity
4. Molality
5. Osmolality
6. Oncotic pressure

Question 5

Factors influencing the EC and IC compartments

Osmotic pressure

Answer 5

• The major driving force
• According to Van’t Hoff principle: ​P = C x R x T
  
  • P = ​Osmotic pressure
  • C = concentration of the dissolved substance
  • R = general gas constant
  • T = temperature
• P = r x C x R x T
  
  • ​r = reflected coefficient
    
    • ​If r = 1 the membrane is semipermable
    • The reflection coefficient varies between 0 and 1

Question 6

Factors influencing the EC and IC compartments

Molarity

Answer 6

• Molarity: concentration of a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution​
• Measured in mol/l
• For anelectrolites
  
  • ​1 mol dissolved in 1 L = osmotic pressure of 2.27 MPa

Question 7

Factors influencing the EC and IC compartments

Osmolarity

Answer 7

• Osmolarity: the number of solute particles per 1 L of solvent
• 1 osmol/l = 6x10²³ dissolved substance / liter

Question 8

Factors influencing the EC and IC compartments

Molality

Answer 8

• Molality: the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
• Measured in mol/kg
• Correlated with freezing point depression
  
  • ​For anaelectrolites concentration is related to freezing point depression
  • For electrolites concentration should be multiplied by the dissociation constant

Question 9

Factors influencing the EC and IC compartments

Osmolality

Answer 9

• Measured in 1 osmol/kg = 6x10²³ dissolved substance/kg solvent
• Osmolality is the common index number for the osmotic effect of electrolites and anelectrolites
• You can conclude to the real osmolality from the freezing point depression
• For dilute anelectolite solutions:
  
  • Mosmol/kg = mmol/kg
• For concentrated solution
  
  • Mosmol/kg = mmol/kg x g
    
    • g: osmotic coefficient
• For complete dissociation
  
  • Mosoml/kg = mmol/kg x number of dissociated ions

Question 10

Factors influencing the EC and IC compartments

Oncotic pressure

Answer 10

• Oncotic or colloidosmotic pressure
• Pressure maintained by proteins and colloid particles
• Medical definition: The pressure exerted by plasma proteins on the capillary wall

Question 11

Anelectrolite components of the blood plasma

Name the anelectrolite components of the blood plasma

Answer 11

1. Glucose
2. Urea
3. Non-protein nitrogen (NPN)
   
   • Urea
   • Amino acids
   • Creatin
   • Creatinin
   • Uric acid
   • Peptides

Question 12

Anelectrolite components of the blood plasma

Give the amount of glucose in:

1. Monogastric animals
2. Ruminants
3. Birds

Answer 12

1. Monogastric animals: 5 mmol/l
2. Ruminants: 2-4 mmol/l
3. Birds: 10 mmol/l

Question 13

Anelectrolite components of the blood plasma

Give the amount of urea

Answer 13

3-10 mmol/l

Question 14

Anelectrolite components of the blood plasma

Give the amount of non-protein nitrogen (NPN)

Answer 14

15-25 mmol/l

Question 15

Electrolite components of the blood plasma

Name the electrolites in blood plasma

Answer 15

• Plasma cations
  
  • ​Na⁺ (140 mmol/l)
  • K⁺
  • Mg²⁺
  • Ca²⁺
• ^​Plasma anions
  
  • Cl^-(110 mmol/l)
  • HCO₃^-
  • Protein
  • Phosphate
  • Sulphate
  • Organic acid

Question 16

Electrolite components of the blood plasma

What is the total electrolyte concentration?

Answer 16

280 mmol/kg