Trunk Flashcards by J L

Q

Name the extrinsic muscles of the back

A

1) Trapezius

2) Latissimus dorsi

3) Levator scapulae

4) Rhomboid (major and minor)

5) Serratus posterior superior (+ inferior)

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Q

Name the intrinsic muscles of the back

A

1) erector spinae (group)

2) transversospinalis (group)

3) interspinalis

4) intertransversarii

5) lavatores costarum

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Q

What is the motor innervation and function of the trapezius?

A

Motor innervation: cranial nerve XI: spinal accessory nerve

function (back):
Bilateral: neck extension
Unilateral: ipsilateral lateral flexion and contralateral rotation of head/neck

Neck:
Upper 1/3: elevation (Shrug), upward rotation
Middle 1/3 (or all parts): retraction
Lower 1/3: depression, upward rotation

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Q

What is the motor innervation and function of the latissimus dorsi?

A

motor innervation: thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)

function:
Bilateral: spine (thoracic) extension
Unilateral: ipsilateral lateral flexion (primarily lumbar spine)

Upper limb (scapula): downward rotation, retraction and depression of scapula

Shoulder: adduction + medial rotation

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Q

What is the motor innervation and function of the levator scapulae?

A

Motor innervation: Anterior rami of C3-C5

Function:
Bilateral: extension of cervical spine
Unilateral: ipsilateral lateral flexion
Scapula: elevation, some retraction

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Q

What is the motor innervation and function of the rhomboid major and minor?

A

Motor innervation: dorsal scapular nerve (C5)

Function:
Retraction

Scapula: retraction, some elevation, downward rotation (R. Major)

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Q

What is the motor innervation and function of the serratus posterior superior?

A

Motor innervation: T2-T5 anterior rami

Function: elevates ribs 2-4 (inspiration)

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Q

What is the motor innervation and function of the serratus posterior inferior?

A

Motor innervation: T9-T12 (anterior rami)

Function: depresses ribs 8-12 (expiration)

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Q

What are the muscles in the erector spinae group?

A

1) Iliocostalis

2) Longissimus

3) Spinalis

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Q

What is the motor innervation and function of the erector spinae group?

A

Motor innervation: posterior rami of adjacent spinal nerves

Function:
Bilateral: extension of spine and head
Unilateral: ipsilateral lateral flexion (especially for iliocostalis)

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Q

What is the motor innervation and function of the semispinalis?

A

Motor innervation: posterior rami

Function: extension, contralateral rotation (head/neck)

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Q

What is the motor innervation and function of the rotatores?

A

Motor innervation: posterior rami

Function: stabilizer, assists segmental extension/rotation proprioception

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Q

What is the motor innervation and function of the multifidus?

A

Motor innervation: posterior rami

Function: local stabilizer

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Q

What is the motor innervation and function of the interspinalis?

A

Motor innervation: posterior rami

Function: assist with extension/rotation of spine

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Q

What is the motor innervation and function of the intertransversarii?

A

Motor innervation: posterior rami

Function: assist with ipsilateral lateral flexion/stabilization of spine

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Q

What is the motor innervation and function of the levatores costarum?

A

Motor innervation: posterior rami

Function:
Primary: elevates ribs
Secondary: assist with ipsilateral lateral flexion of spin/forced inspiration

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Q

What is the motor innervation and function of the splenius?

A

Motor innervation: posterior rami of cervical nerves

Function:
Bilateral: extension of head and neck
Unilateral: ipsilateral lateral flexion of neck and ipsilateral rotation of head

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Q

What is the motor innervation and function of the rectus capitis posterior?

A

Motor innervation: sub-occipital nerve (post ramus of C1)

Function:
Bilateral: extension of head
Unilateral: ipsilateral rotation of head

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Q

What is the motor innervation and function of the obliquus capitis (superior)?

A

Motor innervation: suboccipital nerve (post ramus of C1)

Function:
Bilateral: extension of the head
Unilateral: ipsilateral lateral flexion of head

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Q

What is the motor innervation and function of the obliquus capitis (inferior)?

A

Motor innervation: suboccipital nerve (post ramus of C1)

Function:
Unilateral: ipsilateral rotation of the neck

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Q

What is the suboccipital triangle composed of (borders)?

A

Superior: rectus capitis posterior major
Lateral: obliquus capitis superior
Inferior: obliquus inferior

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Q

What does the suboccipital triangle contain?

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A

Vertebral artery (blood supply to brainstem/posterior brain)

Suboccipital nerve (C1, posterior ramus)

Q

What is the motor innervation and function of the sternocleidomastoid?

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A

Motor innervation: spinal accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI)

Function:
Bilateral: extension of the head/neck, flexion of the neck (sternal head)
Unilateral: contralateral rotation of head/neck & ipsilateral lateral flexion

Q

What is the motor innervation and function of the rectus capitis lateralis & anterior?

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A

Motor innervation: anterior rami of C1-C2

Function:
Lateralis: ipsilateral lateral flexion of head
Anterior: flexion and ipsilateral rotation of head

What is the motor innervation and function of the longus capitis?

Motor innervation: anterior rami of C1-C3 Function: flexion of head

What is the motor innervation and function of the longus colli?

Motor innervation: anterior rami of C2-C6 Function: flexion of cervical spine

What is the motor innervation and function of the scalenes (anterior, middle and posterior)?

Motor innervation: anterior rami of C3-C8 Functions: Elevates ribs 1 or 2 (inspiration) Flex cervical spine (bilateral) Ipsilateral lateral flexion (unilateral)

What is the thorax bounded by?

Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12), the sternum and ribs

What is the function of the thoracic cage?

-enclosing thoracic cavity and protecting its contents (ex: lungs, heart..) -frame to anchor the upper limb skeleton -attachment sites for muscles of upper limb, back, abdomen and those related to respiration

How are true ribs inserted to the sternum?

Directly via costal cartilage

How are false ribs inserted onto the sternum?

Indirectly via costal margin

How are floating ribs inserted onto the sternum?

It isn’t

Fractures of which ribs are the most common?

4th-10th

Ribs 1,10-12 articulate with what?

Their own vertebral body

Ribs 11-12 lack what?

A neck and tubercle, so they also have no costotransverse joints

What is the function of the external intercostal muscles?

Elevates ribs and sternum during forceful inspiration

What is the function of the internal intercostal muscles?

Depresses the ribs during forceful expiration?

What is the function of innermost intercostal muscles and the transversus thoracis?

Depresses ribs (forceful expiration)

What is the motor innervation and function of the diaphragm?

**Motor innervation**: phrenic nerves (C3, C4, C5) - to each dome **Function**: quiet inspiration (at rest) Note: Phrenic nerve = anterior rami of spinal nerves C3-C5

Posterior intercostal arteries (p.i.c): from ______

Thoracic aorta (Except 1st and 2nd p.i.c which is from superior intercostal artery)

Anterior intercostal arteries (a.i.c): from _____

Internal thoracic artery (off subclavian artery)

The intercostal vein, artery, and nerve run in the costal grove between….

Internal and innermost intercostal muscles

What are important clinical landmarks of thoracic dermatomes?

T4 - nipple T6 - skin over xiphoid process T10 - umbilicus

Where do anterolateral abdominal wall muscles converge?

Linea alba

What is the function(s) of the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles?

-Bilateral: flexion of spine -Compression of abdominal organs -Forced expiration

What are the additional functions and motor innervation of the external obliques?

Functions: -Ipsilateral lateral flexion -Contralateral rotation of the trunk Motor innervation: Lower thoracoabdominal nerves + subcostal nerve (anterior rami of T7-12)

What are the additional functions and motor innervation of the internal obliques?

Function: -Ipsilateral lateral flexion of trunk -Ipsilateral trunk rotation Motor. Innervation: lower thoracoabdominal nerves, subcostal nerve + first lumbar nerve (anterior rami of T7-L1)

What are the additional functions and motor innervation of the transversus abdominis?

Functions: -stabilizing trunk -compressing abdominal contents -increasing abdominal pressure Motor innervation: lower thoracoabdominal nerves, subcostal nerve + first lumbar nerve (anterior rami of T6-L1)

What is the function and motor innervation of the rectus abdominis?

Function: compression of abdominal contents and trunk flexion Motor innervation: lower thoracoabdominal nerves + subcostal nerve (anterior rami of T6-T12)

The ____ is the first large vessel that exits on arterial side of heart.

Aorta

_____ and _____ **arteries** (from the ______ artery) supply the **upper abdominal wall**.

Musculophrenic Superior epigastric Internal thoracic

_____ artery (from the ____ artery) supplies the **lower abdominal wall** and runs **below** the rectus sheath at the arcuate line.

Inferior epigastric artery External iliac

What is the motor innervation of iliopsoas?

L1-L3

What is the motor innervation of quadratus lumborum?

T12 and L1-L4