Analogy
A comparison between two things based on structural or relational similarity.
Analogical Transfer
Applying knowledge from a known situation (base) to a new one (target) based on shared structure.
Mapping
Aligning elements and relationships from the base to the target in an analogy.
Schema
An abstract blueprint for solving problems that share a common structure.
Abstraction
Removing surface features to focus on deeper, structural similarities.
Surface Feature
Superficial aspects of a problem (e.g., context, objects) that may not be relevant to the solution.
Problem Feature
Structural or relational aspects of a problem that are relevant to solving it.
Isomorphism
A one-to-one correspondence between structures in two domains, preserving relational structure.
Pragmatic Constraint
The relevance of an analogy based on the goals or purposes of the reasoner.
Semantic Constraint
The perceived similarity between source and target items.
Relation-Mapping Principle
Prefer analogs with similar relationships over those with similar attributes.
Systematicity Principle
Prefer analogs that allow coherent systems of relations to be mapped.
Inductive Reasoning
Reasoning where the conclusion is probable, based on the strength of the evidence.
Analogical Argument
An inductive argument where similarities between two cases suggest further similarities.
Think Aloud Protocol
A method where participants verbalize their thought process during problem-solving.
Target
The new or unfamiliar concept being understood.
Base
The familiar concept used to understand the target.
Miller Analogies
Verbal analogies in the form A:B :: C:? used to assess reasoning ability.
Raven Analogies
Non-verbal matrix reasoning problems used to assess abstract reasoning and fluid intelligence.
Adaptive Expertise
The ability to transfer knowledge across domains and invent new procedures for novel problems.
Routine Expertise
Efficiency and accuracy in familiar domains, but limited ability to transfer knowledge to new contexts.
