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GI > Biochem > Flashcards

Biochem Flashcards

1
Q

this enzyme breaks [alpha 1,4] bonds in the brush border

A

maltase-glycomylase

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2
Q

[alpha 1,6] think this brush border enzyme

A

sucrase - isomaltase

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3
Q

which enzyme is used to break down bugs?

A

trehalase [alpha 1,1]

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4
Q

which cells secrete pepsinogen?

A

chief cells

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5
Q

enteropeptidase is required to activate with enzyme?

A

trypsinogen

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6
Q

what 3 pathways can fatty acid follow?

A

oxidation for energy
triaceylglycerol for storage
phospholipids, spingholipids for building blocks

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7
Q

what is the purpose of VLDL?

A

deliver carbs/fats from liver to tissues

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8
Q

what is the purpose of HDL?

A

maintain homeostasis of cholesterol/fats

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9
Q

what is the only monosaccharide we consume?

A

fructose

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10
Q

carbs enter the intestines through faciliated diffusion using this as a pump when needed

A

Na/K-ATPase

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11
Q

this cofactor is used in transmamination, deaminations and carbon chain transfers

A

PLP

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12
Q

When is FH4 used?

A

amino acid metabolism, def can cause megoblastic anemia

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13
Q

what is the major apo protein of chylomicrons

A

apo B48

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14
Q

What Apo proteins do HDL tag on chylomicrons?

A

ApoCII and ApoE

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15
Q

HDL and LDL are primarily made of what?

A

HDL -protein

LDL -cholesterol

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16
Q

Where is vitamin A stored in the liver?

A

stellate cells

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17
Q

name some symptoms of vitamin A defieciency

A

anorexia, retarded growth, alopecia, night blindness, bitot’s spot

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18
Q

what are saturated and unsaturated vitamin E called?

A

tocopherols and tocotrienols

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19
Q

what are 3 sources of vitamin K?

A

phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione

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20
Q

What substance regulates Calcium absoprtion?

A

calcitrol

21
Q

What is the transporter for Magnesium?

A

TrpM6

22
Q

where is most magnesium stored in the body?

A

bone lattice

23
Q

What is the defect in Gitelman’s syndrome?

A

AR mutation of SLC12A3 - thiazide sensitive NA/Cl transporter —> low Mg, Ca(urine), K

24
Q

what are the 3 functions of Cl?

A

gas exchange
gastric acid
HOCL in neutrophils

25
Q

what things increase secretion of K?

A

vasopressin and aldosterone

26
Q

These drugs can be used to treat hyperphosphatemia

A

antacids - this happens during kidney failure

27
Q

Where is phosphorus important?

A

bone and energy bonds

28
Q

What is dent’s disease?

A

x-linked renal CL channel defect

can’t acidify urine, excess Ca, protein in urine

29
Q

This channel allow Fe into cells
This is added intracellularly and allows iron to pass through ferroportin.
This substance facilitates iron into blood stream

A

DMT-1
ferritin
hephaestin

30
Q

What is the link between copper and iron absorption?

A

Copper is required to make hephaestin

31
Q

when liver iron stores are high the body makes this protein to inhibit Fe absorption

A

hepcidin

32
Q

Name the transporter that brings copper into the body.

Transporter that allows Cu to leave?

A

CTR-1

ATP7A

33
Q

What are the symptoms of Menke’s kinky hair syndrome?

A

hypothermia, hyptonia, poor feeding, FTT and seizures

34
Q

what types of fiber are lignin and hemicellulose?

A

insoluble fiber

35
Q

what things does fiber do?

A

decreases lipid absoprtion
lowers serum cholesterol
promotes gut microbiome
increases fecal bulk

36
Q

SCFA made by the gut have this effect on insulin sensitivity.
Adipose tissue has this effect

A

Increase sensitivity

decrease sensitivity

37
Q

Likely outcome of PGMI deficiency?

A

fasting hypoglycemia

38
Q

What are the enzymes in the liver that are required to transport ammonia?

A 
CPS-1  and glutaminase (periportal - zone 1)
glutamine synthase (perivenal - zone 3)
39
Q

What are pit cells?

A

liver associated lymphocytes

40
Q

what do phase 1 reactions do to substrates?

A

add hydroxyl groups

41
Q

The pentose phosphate pathway for providing this cofactor for fa synthesis, glutahione reduction and Cyp450 reactions

A

NADPH

42
Q

What does AST:ALT > 2 indicate

A

Liver damage secondary to alcohol abuse

43
Q

what does a decreased albumin indicate?

A

malnutrition

44
Q

what do increased serum globulins indicate?

A

liver disease, possibly increased antigenic material entering hepatic circulation

45
Q

describe what happens to body fuel stores after surgery, burns, trauma etc.

A

body rapidly mobolizes stored fuel for wound repair, water retention is increased, glucagon released, insulin impaired. Get hperglycemia from mobilzed proteolysis, lipolysis etc.

46
Q

Describe BMR

A

Basic metabolic rate -energy to function without movemebt, intake etc.

47
Q

What is TEE of healthy active adult in regards to REE?

A

REE (resting energy expenditure) + 20%

48
Q

Why do fats have less CO2 exhaled per O2 inhaled? RQ<1.0

A

Because they are the least oxidized

GI (17 decks)

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