4.1

Question 1

The skeletal system is formed from

Answer 1

calcified connective tissue

Question 2

What are the three primary structural functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 2

-Support and Framework (supports body weight, framework for muscle attachment)
-Protection (encloses organs)
-Movement (acts as a lever system)

Question 3

Hematopoiesis

Answer 3

-the process of blood cell production that occurs in bone tissue
-produces red and white blood cells and platelets

Question 4

Where does hematopoiesis occur in adults?

Answer 4

Red bone marrow, mainly in the vertebrae, pelvic bones, sternum, and the epiphyses (ends) of long bones.

Question 5

What is the function of yellow bone marrow and where is it primarily found in adults?

Answer 5

Fat storage. Found in the medullary cavity of the adult diaphysis.

Question 6

Which two minerals are stored in bone as the molecule hydroxyapatite?

Answer 6

Calcium and Phosphate

Question 7

How are the Calcium levels in bones regulated?

Answer 7

the endocrine system

Question 8

What determines the shape of bones

Answer 8

genetics and environmental forces

Question 9

Long Bones

Answer 9

-Slender center shaft with enlarged ends
-ex Femur & Humerus

Question 10

Flat bone

Answer 10

-has roughly parallel surfaces and provides a large area for muscle attachment
-ex. Sternum, Ribs & Skull Roof

Question 11

Sesamoid Bone

Answer 11

-A small, flat bone embedded within a tendon or ligament
-ex. patella

Question 12

Irregular Bones

Answer 12

-complex shapes with notches/ridges
- ex. Vertebrae and Pelvic Bones

Question 13

Short Bones

Answer 13

-small, cube-like bones
-wrists and ankles

Question 14

Diaphysis

Answer 14

the central, slender shaft of a long bone

Question 15

Epiphyses

Answer 15

-site of joint formation
-enlarged ends of a long bone

Question 16

Metaphysis

Answer 16

joins the diaphysis to the epiphysis (part of the long bone)

Question 17

What causes the closure of the Epiphyseal Plate (Growth Plate), stopping height increase?

Answer 17

The rise in sex hormones after puberty causes the cartilage to calcify into the Epiphyseal Line (part of the long bone)

Question 18

Periosteum

Answer 18

connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of the bone (part of the long bone)

Question 19

Nutrient Artery

Answer 19

structure that supplies blood to the bone tissue (part of the long bone)

Question 20

what are the cells of the bone

Answer 20

-osteocytes
-osteoblasts
-osteoclasts

Question 21

Osteocytes

Answer 21

mature bone cells

Question 22

osteoblasts

Answer 22

cells that form new bone tissue

Question 23

osteoclasts

Answer 23

cells that break down and recycle bone tissues

Question 24

What are the two main components of the bone Extracellular Matrix?

Answer 24

1. Collagen Protein Fibers (for soft/strong component) 2. Hydroxyapatite (for hard/brittle component)

Question 25

Compact bone

Answer 25

dense and strong, forming the walls of the diaphysis to withstand pressure and compression forces

Question 26

Osteons

Answer 26

The structural unit, composed of concentric rings that run longitudinally (lengthwise) to the bone's axis (compact bone)

Question 27

Central Canal

Answer 27

The center of each osteon, containing blood vessels and nerve fibers (compact bone)

Question 28

Lamellae

Answer 28

Concentric layers of matrix rings surrounding the central canal (compact bone)

Question 29

Lacunae

Answer 29

Pockets between the lamellae containing osteocytes (compact bone)

Question 30

Canaliculi

Answer 30

Passageways that connect lacunae to the blood supply (compact bone)

Question 31

Perforating Canals

Answer 31

Connect the central canals of adjacent osteons (compact bone)

Question 32

Spongy bone

Answer 32

less dense, reducing overall bone weight, and forms the bulk of the epiphyses

Question 33

Trabeculae

Answer 33

Branching bony plates separated by irregular connecting spaces. More trabeculae form in response to stress (spongy bone)

Question 34

Bone Marrow

Answer 34

Found in the spaces between the trabeculae (spongy bone)

Question 35

Quiz Q: A bone that is found suspended within a ligament is best described as a:

Answer 35

Sesamoid bone

Question 36

Quiz Q: In a long bone, yellow marrow would most likely be found:

Answer 36

Within the medullary cavity

Question 37

Quiz Q: Premature closure of the epiphyseal plates could be caused by:

Answer 37

High levels of estrogen or testosterone

Question 38

Quiz Q: T or F Hematopoiesis occurs primarily in the osteons of compact bone

Answer 38

false; bone tissue

Question 39

Quiz Q: Microscopic channels in bone that allow for nutrient and waste exchange between blood and osteocytes are:

Answer 39

canaliculi

Question 40

Quiz Q: What structures connect the blood supply of the osteon central canal to that of the general blood circulation?

Answer 40

Perforating conals